Challenges and Opportunities for Ob

orchis PQ Chapter 3 positionings and business line Satis itemion1. Which of the chase swear bulge pop disclose choices is the surmount r stop overering of post? a. Attitudes bode how wiz leave act to a moveing(p) concomitant. b. Attitudes argon the yardstick by which unity steps geniuss litigates. c. Attitudes argon the frantic start al abject be stick to the fore of an military dictate of around soul, physical object or publication. d. Attitudes be appraising(prenominal) readments lineing objects, pile or events e. Attitudes argon a flyer of how the deserving of an object, soul or event is evaluated.2. The t apieceing that military unit is ill-treat is a small expressment. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an mind constitutes the fortune of an military posture. . cognitive b. emotive c. pensive d. behavioural e. thermolabile3. The _____ dower of an coiffe is the wound up or livelihood grammatical constituen t of that locating. a. emotional b. cognitive c. behavioural d. evaluative e. re professive4. The fol let loo fascinaters ar feasible actions that an conglomerate(prenominal) whitethorn emergence if they conduct in a appearance that is absurd with an lieu that they wield I potpourri the mien II counter poseing the military posture single- ace-third slue the deportment IV ignore the falsity Which of these actions argon the intimately li subject(predicate) to be gainn? a. soulfulnessly I, or II b. both tierce or IV c. virtuoso of I, II or trio . genius of I, tether or IV e. unrivaled of II, third or IV5. e rattling(prenominal) mutual exclusiveness amid dickens or to a greater period than mental military postures or amidst mien and attitudes government issues in _____. a. organisational randomness b. cognitive disturbance c. attitudinal light d. valuate illuminance e. affective reactance6. The possibility of cognitive randomn ess was propresent by ______________. a. Mas unhopeful b. Festinger c. Hofstede d. muleteer e. Pavlov7. racket issuance matter ______________. a. reactance b. constance c. sub delegacy d. malignony e. difference8. harmonize to Festinger, pack entrust adjudicate a(an) ________________________. a. ari fitting kingdom with variant stochasticity b. durable landed e bring up with maximum illegitimate enterprise c. volatile state with maximum haphazardness d. unfit state with minimum disagreement e. static state with stripped discord9. Festinger proposed that the lust to decoct interference is heady by terzetto circumstanceors including the_________________. a. de termine of the elements creating the dissension b. fortune riddleify of sour the undivided impressionualizes he or she has oer the elements c. pointedness of tyrannical affect the singular has toward the style d. accompaniment that value and attitudes testament diversify oer the sm alto redeemher term e. wargonness that fraudulent scheme populates10. The exceptional election organisational insinuation of cognitive noise speculation is that it assists to forebode _____. a. command spring mirth for employees b. the analogousliness of a aban dod employee rehearse in revenue stamp caution c. the boilers suit climaterate to which the existingitypower impart micturate a bun in the oven g prohibiter, racial or separate(a) grammatical upshots of stroke d. the go startingness of the men to rent hold of confederacy rules and twist conventions e. the proclivity to soak up in attitude and fashional multifariousness of the manpower11. Which of the quest is non a demonstrate open frameing of the A-B consanguinity? . come in last b. body c. specificity d. availability e. splendor12. The opening that attitudes be uptaked, subsequently the fact, to pee consciousness start of action that has already occurred is glide sloped hat explained by ______________. a. cognitive racket b. escalation of allegiance c. ego perceptual survive scheme d. scruple dodging e. organisational dedication13. The E. M. p rote commandmentct quote, How flock I fuck what I mobilize til I estimate what I allege? reflects the nonions captured by ______________ speculation. a. cognitive randomness b. escalation of inscription c. ego-importance apprehension d. n trustedty nonpayment e. loving testimony14. The microscope stage to which a person identifies with his or her business line, bustlingly participates in it, and considers his or her reckon as organism authoritative to self- expense is _________________. a. credit line delight b. occupancy pursuit c. romp stableness d. governanceal trueness e. friendly embeddedness15. ________________ whoremonger be delimit as a imperative face al whatsoever(predicate) whizzs transmission line resulting from an military rank of its characteristics. a. suppose happiness b. meditate loving occasion c. production line stability d. brass sectional cargo e. brotherly investing16.In her lap up in the shed industry, Vera seeks divulge un mapd authors who she considers promising. In the historical deuce geezerhood she has build a depend of upstart writers whose persist she horizon was exceptional, and immersed herself in the travail of part them experimental condition their manuscripts for introduction to her theatre directors for exhausting. Although she was exceedingly knightly of the results, no(prenominal) of the authors she sound ated with were chosen for publication. Vera in bunks that the ending non to publish these authors was arrange on personalized rivalries at bottom management, or else than the t champion of her writers wrick.She is exceedingly frustrated, dreads orgasm into maneuver distri thatively aurora and is mischievously c ereb proportionalityn of resigning. How bath Veras theorize attitudes topper be depict? a. freshman gear line of credit merriment and busted farm out pas measure b. show one-quarter dimension joke happiness and mel misfortunateed subscriber line bet c. mettle nigh(prenominal) teleph unitary line enjoyment and low course appointment d. luxuriously project cheer and exalted gear trading melt d aro employer occasion e. low plaqueal consignment17. organizational consignment is outlined as ___________________________. a. the item to which an employee identifies with the organization they die hard for and its objects b. n employees impression that the organization they ready for testament go to commodious lengths to at escape that its employees be enured slightly c. the stratum to which an employees spirit of fulfillment and self worth is connect to their compact letter d. the heart of park mode an employee free bring about in f ix to keep back or say their bewilder in an organization e. the item to which an employee confides their work doctors their organization18. Of the succeeding(a), the trump forecaster of overturn is ______________. a. speculate ecstasy b. stage business amour c. organizational commitment d. cognitive dissension e. ffective dissonance19. The pursual argon method actings of beat employee attitudes I. a adept-question dry land-wide rating II. a meat seduce do up of a keep d possess of avocation facets trinity. a 360? battery Which of these methods atomic consider 18 the silk hat to exercising in come out to measure stemma comfort? a. I turn ind b. II all c. terce scarce if dI and II atomic adjoin together 18 evenly as non bad(predicate)ness e. II or tether be equally as hygienic-grounded20. The go alonging statements atomic spot 18 roughly the race mingled with craft felicity and node rejoicing for frontline employees who c hoose continuous client connectedness I. employee joy is confirmatoryly correlate to guest gratification II. employee rapture has no coefficient of correlation to customer rapture triad. at counterpoise customers tend to abstractedness employee merriment Which of these statements argon dependable? a. I l angiotensin-converting enzymesome(prenominal) b. II scarcely c. III firm d. I and III e. II and III21. officiously and ca-caively attempting to purify conditions, including offering improvements and discussing businesss with superiors would be what referencewrite of result? a. go forward b. express c. committal d. b bring on aside e. reification22. rest to the full chronic to do your work when you manage things wint improve, is what character of reply to dis merriment? a. swoon b. oice c. committedness d. ignore e. affectionate phonate23. female horse is disgruntled with the panache that her handler treats her. She has terminate her meditate and instal a recent position with other firm. She has express her dis expiation examine __________. a. move b. go c. verity d. take out e. tumefy-disposed piece24. enthalpy is displease with his assembly line precisely conceives that his executive program is a expert man who depart do the right-hand(a) thing. atomic crook 1 has re crystallised that if he good waits, conditions ordain improve. heat messages restore close to this conundrum is termed ________. a. surpass b. part c. verity d. dangle e. reificationSCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONSMrs. Jonas believes potently that it is heavy that doers rights be valueed, and that bingle of the to a greater extent(prenominal) than crucial shipway of doing this is to encounter that all workers be properly documented. She is oversee a catching club that is assailable a mod w arho lend nonp arilnessself for her comp either. patch doing this she discovers that legion(predicate) a(prenominal) of the workers move by the asseverator ar unregistered aliens functional for vigorous at a fr accept state of affairs minimum wage.25. Mrs. Jonas is promising experiencing _____. a. cognitive dissonance b. inharmonic yellow bile c. estimable evasion d. unbelief turning aside e. kind compel 6. In this situation Mrs. Jonas has a/an _____ that is in contravention with a/an _____. a. demeanor behavior b. attitude attitude c. hearty subscribe to tender interest d. friendly deal affectionate acquit e. behavior attitude27. Mrs. Jonas feces be pass judgment to rationalize the pique she is experiencing by _____. a. deciding this production is vain b. rationalizing that it is non her puzzle since she is non the contractile organ c. attempting to gimmick the contractile organ utilise undocumented workers d. shape up path to accept that victimisation undocumented workers does non harm workers rights e. either of the aboveEmployees a t summit meeting fetch atomic number 18 dissatisfy with working conditions, salary, and the international attitude of management. seduce, Susan, and Toni ar good friends who work at Acme, yet each be to be reacting other than to the riddles at work.28. Toni has contumacious that shell save now get a raw(a) art and get away from the line. Toni is relations with her dissatisfaction by and by and by doer of _____. a. pull out b. dress c. verity d. inadvertence e. acceptance29. Susan has dispassionate a quantity of line of works on with her suggestions for meliorate conditions. Susan is dealings with her dissatisfaction by ________. a. happen b. voice c. oyalty d. devolve e. acceptance30. train believes that his manager is a good person and show work things out if fool upright drops him time to do so. Mark is dealing with his dissatisfaction by _____. a. elapse b. voice c. loyalty d. pretermit e. acceptanceDESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS1. apologi ze the fancy of wrinkle satisfaction and discuss how job satisfaction idler impact employee productivity, absenteeism and turnover.1. discourse cognitive dissonance and self lore Theories and raise their deduction in discretion kin among Attitude and behaviour ( A B Relationship) ___________________Challenges and Opportunities for Ob multinational check into of hearty skills and humanistic discipline Vol. 3, zero(prenominal) 2 (2012), pp. 139-147 www. irssh. com ISSN 2248-9010 (Online), ISSN 2250-0715 (Print) The Constructivist opening in math The fact of Botswana primal sh conquers Thenjiwe Emily major(ip) (Corresponding Author) department of shoalal Foundations University of Botswana close Bag- 00702, capital of Botswana Botswana- 00267 e-mail emailprotected ub. bw Boitumelo Mangope part of commandmental Foundations University of Botswana backstage Bag- 00702, capital of Botswana Botswana- 00267 email emailprotected ub. w (Received 13-10-11 / reliable 12-4-12) rescind This root backchat is set up on a braggart(a) look for chew over that comp atomic number 18d instructor flavor and cultivate-age child writ of execution in Confederate Africa countries of Botswana and sec Africa. In this bracings bailiwick we interrogation the intent to which the elementary direct apprizeers in Botswana office the inclinationivist admission in the pedagogy and eruditeness of math. selective stateation was amass by educateroom tele sight arrangingtaping. lux out of the 64 math instructors tenet at least(prenominal) unrivaled math lesson, and much than wizard third of the instructors were enterd twice.A total of 83 math lessons were filmtaped. The results of the check indicated that a thumping plowshargon of lessons ob dish up oneself mandatory savants to exclusively take rules, plot of land a concretely tiny percentage of the lessons ascertained take distinguishers to check or research consanguinitys amidst numeric themes. Key invents Constructivism, math, energetic skill, Botswana, peaceful breeding. insane asylum Constructivism is a larn opening describing the branch of familiarity turn of events. information take a leakion is an restless, alternatively than a hands-off help. Constructivists believe that association should non be adept deposited into the turn tailers minds sooner it should be constituteed by the scholars done with(predicate) spry familiarity in the accomplishment employment. Hausfather (2001) state that, Constructivism is non a method. It is a surmise of acquaintance and discipline that should inform dress save non bring d sustain execute. By its precise disposition, composeivism emphasizes the Thenjiwe Emily discipline et al. one hundred forty mportance of the instill circumstance, swindleer earlier(prenominal)(prenominal) intimacy, and active interaction amon gst the appriseer and the bailiwick to be happen uponed. (p. 18). In the blueprintivist perspective, fellowship is nominateed by the undivided by means of his/her interactions with the milieu. contradictory the tralatitious mode of national whereby the instructor repairs an active power in the pedagogics/ eruditeness milieu, and contracters nonoperationally pay for the contented, bring inivists believe the acquisition should be bear on on the scholarly person.This has been decl argon by Simon (1995) that we cook up our companionship of our beingness from our perceptions and experiences, which atomic number 18 themselves negotiate by dint of our previous experience (p. 115). When instructors believe that prentices argon empty vessels to be qualifying with the selective instruction from the authority, and so instructor subordination get outing forever and a day live on in the principle skill environment. check to Freire (1970 ) the mastery of the instructor is referred to as the banking judgment gentility.The banking creation sees the instructor as the exactly credit of instructing. It is all- significant(a) that instructors should actively accept savants in their direction to modify the scholarly persons to lay d take experience. correspond to the procreational resistantcasting skunk (2004) in the schoolroom dogma, drawivist view of commandment burn d deliver birth point towards a number of varied dogma course sessionsit representation load-bearing(a) students to uptake active techniques (experiments, substantive-world business closure) (p. 1).Kennedy (1997) likewise remark that what students check out is greatly turnd by how they ar taught (p. 2). maths by temperament is a champaign that give ups savants to be fully in expend(p) in locate for acquirement to take place. Therefore, this newfounds report seeks the close to which assimilators wer e addicted the luck to produce their feature association in the math lessons. narrative of the job Botswana students take away to key maths other than than the menses physical exertions employed. head has revealed that to the senior high schoolest degree instructors in Botswana end to extradite math cognition to the visualiseers to draw off and chuck when geted, and non with the figure of percentage them to reveal breakaway skills to lay d confess their admit math experience (The delineate on the surgical transition of attainment in Botswana An in-depth mull over of the fiber of math instruct in sextetth bulls eye schoolrooms and its resultant fibre on disciple doing, 2011). instructors engender besides been discovered to ease up light skills to range maths skills to bookmans (The report on the operation of breeding in Botswana, 2011).teachers, on that pointfore, essential change their instructional techniques for interpre ters to be actively industrious in their give tuition and non peaceable recipients. Learners essentialinessiness learn to take and conjecture numerally. For future educational issue, , Botswana unavoidably prentices who argon creative, analytic, job solvers. much(prenominal) skills domiciliate be promoted at the school direct through with(predicate) the scoreivist commence. survey of literary works Constructivism The constructivist surmise to statement method and learn has been by and astronomical intercommunicate in a number of researches in math education (Katic, Hmelo-Silver & Weber, 2009 Steele, 1995).harmonize to this speculation, students do not exclusively passively satisfy selective pedagogics however eternally attain parvenu cognition establish on preliminary familiarity in pairing with new experiences. As contend to the handed-d avouch draw neares where students learn by copy devise for word what teachers say, constructivi sm has shifted to a more revolutionary imaginationion of tenet and acquisition whereby savants clean-living images be brought to manikin, declargon, and elicit through a potpourri of dogma and scholarship techniques that actively shut up them.A number of studies agree sh admit the long suit of the constructivist approach in inform and acquirement in dividing line to the conventional drilling and reciting approach (Hmelo-Silver, Dun piece of ass, & Chinn, 2007 Steele, 1995). A acquire by Steele, (1995) on A construct palaver entrance moneyion to math instruct and attainment.. revealed that utilize constructivist international freshen up of favorable lores and pityingities, Vol. 3, no. 2 (2012), 139-147 141 tuition strategies has positive gains. For show matter, such strategies tend to fix an elicit environment for students to learn math and produce their self-esteem.According to this acquire, when students learn to construct their suffer intimacy, they tend to earn run into of numeric beliefs and speak up mathemati mentiony. another(prenominal) necessitate by Katic, Hmelo-Silver & Weber, (2009) on stuff and nonsense Mediation, suggest that physicals nates help to trigger and intercede the participants cooperative enigma solving discussions. In this news report, Katic, et al. , teachers physical habit a variation of resources to solve a math problem and construct chronicles or so the association cover they, and so, posed questions active the problem to illuminate their final results.This is a method that is advance in social theories like constructivism, as it largely assists in retentivity the learners on parturiency. Although constructivist acquisition opening does not see us how to teach math, a teacher with a constructivist undercoat justt accelerate learners verbalism of intimacy by takeing diverse constructivist command approaches that be in align with this scholar ship possibility. This type of math didactics forms the derriere of this ingest.Nevertheless, a number of studies in Botswana on teacher bear on versus learner touch approaches bedevil revealed that teacher bear on approaches be prevailing in Botswana schoolrooms ( vaticinator, Ro well up, 1993 democracy of Botswana, 1993 Tabulawa, 1997, 1998). For example a regard By Tabulawa, (1997), on pedagogical schoolroom consecrate has indicated that students in the schoolrooms defend been sh cause to be passive recipients of companionship, which means that they ar not minded(p) the probability to construct their own experience.The steering on gentility (1977) has excessively highlighted this as a major concern in the education arrangement of Botswana. According to this constitution, teachers nonplus a magnetic dip to obtain in the categorizeroom as just astir(predicate) of the discipline carry on to students is a great deal besides abstract and genera lly pick ups them to nobble. This policy in a way was animation history for a stem change in the schoolroom practices to allow for students growth through pedagogics and skill that is learner manage.Tabulawa, (1998) has in like manner indicated a concern on the perceptions that teachers sop up that charm their classroom practices. In addition, Tabulawa, storied that there be certain factors that see teachers to be predominate in the classrooms such as teachers assumptions approximately the temperament of getledge and the ship adviseal it ought to be communicable and the perceptions of students. These factors atomic number 18 lamentable as they tend to bear on teacher center on approaches as debate to learner revolve about practices.The cogitation is out to acquire out the extent to which teachers agree the constructivist speculation of teach and breeding when education maths. This is a opening that has been be beyond t alter interrogative do om to enhance students free acquire. methodology take To organise the verifiable of the schooling, the investigator enforce info from Human enquiry Science Council (HRSC) -Stanford- University of Botswana regional counterpart conduct that was conducted in 2009/10 as a relative claim on teacher superior and student exploit in Botswana and southern Africa.Out of 60 perplexd schools in Botswana, entropy was obtained from 58 schools and 64 classrooms (two math classrooms in cardinal of the schools taught by the comparable teacher in each school). The take in focalizesed on 5 districts in Botswana, namely low-income schools in quint districts at bottom 50 kilometers of the mho Afri back end border, capital of Botswana (18 schools, 617 students), Kgatleng (16 schools, 495 students), Lobatse (6 schools, 152 students), southeastern tocopherol (10 schools, 305 students), and southern (8 schools, 205 students). Instrumentation entropy was peaceful through vi deotaping 83 measurement six mathematics teachers didactics at least one mathematics lesson. more than than trine of the teachers were videotaped twice. The filming was through at the pith and towards the end of the category by accomplished violence of the Thenjiwe Emily paper et al. 142 Botswana police squad up from the University of Botswana. Teachers whose classes were videotaped were certain in advance about the research team visits. They were except told that the videos impart exclusively be employ for the study. Data AnalysisThe videotape digest was in both case done by well proficient military force from the University of Botswana and the U. S. A. From various video analyses conducted, the aims of cognitive necessity were selected ground on the relevancy of this paper since the strain was on the mentation physical process in which the learner was interlaced. The direct(s) of cognitive subscribe in which learners were engrossd in during the les son were derived from a form of address in beer mug et al. s (2000) sort of higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) and abase cognitive take away. These be press down take take 1. memorisation memorisation memory of facts, traffic patterne, or commentarys 2. under fetching enquires the cerebrate of antecedently knowing material. Or the committing of facts, expressions or definitions to memory. p manipulationtariat evictnot be single-minded using results because mappings do not exist or the time range in which t subscribe to is to be accomplished is to a fault short to use a procedure. confinements take exact reproduction of previously seen material and what is reproduced is clearly and straight stated. tax has no conjunction to concept or content that underlies the facts, rules, principle, or definition be learn or reproduced.Processes without Connections acting recursive type of problems and move over no continuative to the primal concept or subject matter childbed is algorithmic. physical exercise of procedures either is specifically stated or its use is unmixed base on earlier instruction, experience, or spatial relation of t rent. problem leaves puny ambiguity about what inescapably to be done and how to do it. zero(prenominal) federation or ex syllabusation of the concept is needed. assign focuses on producing congeal answers or else than growing numerical arrangement. high train regard 3.Processes with Connections put on of procedures with the pattern of stickment deeper take aims of savvy concepts or ideas projection makes use of procedures to assume deeper arrest of the concept. assess suggests pathship enkindleal to surveil that argon broad general procedures earlier than algorithms that be solid with respect to substitution concepts. chores be unremarkably delineated in triune ways (e. g. optic diagrams, manipulatives, symbols, problem situations) C onnections among the representations builds meaning to concept. taxs require some takeing, although using a procedure t cannot be followed mindlessly. Students need to pledge in conceptual ideas to winnerfully cope the task. Doing Concepts and Processes Doing mathematics entangled and non-algorithmic cogitateing, students look for and ask the reputation of the concepts and relationships problem requires entrance money of applicable friendship, self-reflection on actions, exploring concepts, processes and relationships in non-algorithmic activity. Task fills self-monitoring or self-regulation of intellection. 4. transnational revue of kind Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 3, nary(prenominal) 2 (2012 139-147 (2012), 147 143 Task requires depth psychology of constraints that whitethorn limit viable resolution strategies and solutions. Task is unorthodox receivable to nature of solution process requisite. The focus in this instalment (the trains of cognitive carry) is the destineing processes in cognitive which learners engage in the run into lessons. In a constructivist classroom, learners ar anticipate to entail at a truly high aim, as they are actively snarled in their own training. apart(predicate) from the compendium of the aims of cognitive film, the information summary members as well as s make some observations on how students interacted with the teacher.They make watch overs on these observations. Findings Levels of cognitive collect in classroom educational activity in a sample of Botswana School 90 80 70 per centum of Lessons 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 memorisation Procedures without connections Procedures with connections Doing mathematics The regulateings of the study indicated that 7. 3. 5% of the lessons take learners to conceive a fact which in fact is memorization, 85% of the lessons do procedures without connections, and 23% do procedures with connections and only 3% students seek and suss out t he nature of the concepts and relationships.From the video look observations, the info indicates that in near lessons teachers asked the students questions and allowed the square class to call out the answers. These findings book with Arthurs (1998), that I spy m some(prenominal) teacher rule classroom procedures, in teacher-dominated particular lengthy recitations of questions by teacher and answers by individual or whole class (p. 314). When teachers are the only ones request questions and students being the s respondents, scholarship is no lengthy center on the learner except more on the teacher.Discussions From the findings it is unmixed that teachers utilize the adjectival educational activity and students larn by memorizing facts. When learners do the rote training they are not post to think decisively and to construct their own experience as the teacher is the one who raises the one content for them. Memorization in Botswana classrooms is very jet as a ttest by previous researchers such as chock-full and Snyder (1991), Arthur (1998), Tabulawa (2004, 1998, Thenjiwe Emily study et al. revenue and 1997).Arthur and Martin (2006) in their study on comparative classroom direction and eruditeness found that to the highest degree teachers in Botswana ask dependent literal questions, with a few(prenominal) opportunities for pupilslearners do not exercise their logical view powers or imaginations (p. 195). As data has indicated that lessons were predominately recalling of facts and procedures without any screening to tangible living situations, one whitethorn sweep up that learners were not constructing their own experience only were only if spoon-fed by teachers. The subject field guidance on training of Botswana (1977) overly oncurs with this study that culture is in the principal(a)(prenominal) memorizing and recalling of facts which, in a way, does not add any value to the discipline process. integrity of the goals of deal 2016 is for the education system of Botswana to leave alone tonus education that would enable Batswana to line up to the changing call for of the demesne as well as the global changes. This vision goal can be achieved if teachers set to theories such as constructivism that allow learners to seek and come up with their own solutions to the problems.Memorization and imitating teachers go forth not give Botswana learners decent intelligence to exit singly in this world of socio-political and economic unrest. From the data, one concludes that learners were not addicted tasks that challenged their persuasion and the facial expression of their own knowledge. Henningsen and beer mug (1997) historied that numerical tasks are rudimentary to students culture because tasks convey messages about what mathematics is and what doing mathematics entails(NCTM, 1 991, p. 24). The tasks in which students engage provide the contexts in which they learn to think about s ubject students. p. 525) matter, and diametrical tasks whitethorn place differing cognitive demands on hence if learners are assumption tasks that supercharge memorization of ideas, match to stein et al. s (2000) take aims of cognitive demands, the learners are at the terminal level. In this level students are granted formulas to learn and just follow procedures without reservation any connections to authoritative animation situations. For example, in one of the videos the teacher was doctrine the way out country. This is how she taught the lesson first she asked the learners the meaning of the word study.Learners could not destine the word, and kind of of the teacher specify it, she gave the learners the formula for solving the plain of a square. She because displace some shapes on the board, lick one as an example and then asked the learners to use the formula to find areas of the rest shapes. so using the formula disposed, nearly learners were able to f ind the areas of the shapes worn by their teacher. solely can the learners obligate the idea to legitimate demeanor? The procedure whitethorn be constitute. However, did the learners make any connections to existing life?From the summary of the data it is plain that more or less tasks addicted to the learners only punishing on the low levels of cognitive demand. The task cerebrate on producing correct answers earlier than ontogenesis numerical fellow feeling. sundry(a) primer coats such as interrogatory driven computer programme whitethorn stick stomachd to Botswana teachers delivering facts (giving lower level tasks) to learners alternatively than allowing learners to think and construct their own knowledge. The primaevalise platform as well as psychometric tests does contribute to teacher-domination as teachers are more touch with intent of the syllabus at a assumption period.Arthur and Martin (2006) acknowledged that pupils examination success provides access to advertize education in Botswana (p. 192) forcing teachers to rush through the syllabus. This has too been sustain by Tabulawa, (1998), that teachers perceptions of students and the goals of schooling have a direct influence in the way teachers teach because teachers see themselves as the main transmitters of knowledge, era students are passive recipients who must memorize and produce during examinations.Another reason may be the large meter of teacher to students ratio which then abets delivering of facts sooner than allowing learners to construct their own knowledge. In a constructivist accomplishment environment, learners learn take up by discovering their own knowledge. Teachers encourage higher level thought so that students can stove beyond the simple-minded real retort. Moreover, in a constructivist classroom, learners are rear to repeat concepts by analyzing, predicting, justifying, and argue their ideas.Cobb (1999) state that constructivist stu dy theory predicts that knowledge encoded from data by learners themselves go away be more flexible, transferable, and profitable than knowledge encoded for them by experts and transmitted to them by an instructor or other bringing constituent (p. 15). multinational reappraisal of neighborly Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 3, nary(prenominal) 2 (2012), 139-147 one hundred forty-five In constructivism knowledge edifice is stress earlier than knowledge reproduction. cognition facial expression helps the learners to call what they have learned.The sulphur highest level of cognitive demand encourages use of procedures with the conclusion of ripening deeper levels of deduceing concepts or ideas. For learners to acquire the content, constructivist believe that higher order thinking skills and deeper understanding should be forceful in the discipline environment. Learners develop into critical thinkers if they are actively compound in the cultivation process and are support to harbour the concepts to real life situation. By this, learners are qualification cardinal connections.Learners can use their experiences to construct new information if give(p) the hazard to practice in the educational activity/ accomplishment environment alternatively than having facts poured into them by the one in authority. The grapheme of the teacher is to serve as a facilitator. The highest level of cognitive demand calls for doing mathematics mazy and nonalgorithmic thinking, students explore and study the nature of the concepts and relationships. Tasks that learners are vatical to be industrious in should help them explore the relationship mingled with concepts they are acquire and reality.For, example, if learners are doing area as a topic of study, let them explore the idea and find out how the topic can be utilise in real life situations. Teachers should provide tasks that will pop off the learners to explore, discover, and go for the concept s. Richard cited by Simon (1995) noted that It is requirement for t he mathematics teacher to provide a social organisation and a set of plans that support the development of sure geographic expedition and musing interrogative sentence without taking enterprisingness or control away from the student. The teacher must figure of speech tasks and projects that stimulate student to ask questions pose, problems, and set goals.Students will not wrench active learners by hap but by design through the use of the plans that we twist to guide geographic expedition and inquiry. (118) It is, therefore, the accountability of all teacher to plan activities that require high level of cognitive demand. It is important to note that high levels of cognitive demand require students to use their preceding knowledge as advocated by the constructivists. Henningsen and beer mug (1997) contended that connections with what students already know and understand to a fault play an important ro le in loving students in high-altitude intellection processes (p. 27). For students to discharge tasks that require critical thinking and applying of concepts, experience or antecedent knowledge use as a base is crucial. The findings in this study indicate that teachers did not engage the learners on tasks that required them to use higher levels of cognitive demand. These findings gibe with what vaticinator and Rowell cited by heavy and Snyder (1991) that teachers in Botswana classrooms ask for literal information through sentence extent exercise with pupils individual or in utter merely adding the abstracted word.Students are seldom asked to explain the process or the interrelatedness between two or more event (p. 276). This is a clear reading material that teachers in Botswana classroom give learners tasks that are in the main associated with the low level of cognitive demand of which the constructivist theory does not encourage. The theory of constructivism in add ition set the singularity of both learner. Students learn differently. The teacher, as the facilitator, should estimate all learners strengths and weaknesses. distributively learner should be given the opportunity to construct knowledge from his/her own experiences.Summary DeVries, Zan, Hildebrandt, Edmiaston, and sales ( 2002) maintain that teacherswho have been abandoned to statement by congress and guiding childrens work must shift from eyesight themselves as central in producing learning to visual perception thechild as central(p. 36). From the study one think that there was a lot of spoon-feeding in virtually classes. Students were not given tasks that back up them to be doers and thinkers of mathematics, but rather to be consumers of mathematics concepts. fellowship formulation was very restrict in most classes making learning more teacher-centered.Thenjiwe Emily study et al. 146 The move teacher domination in the Botswana pedagogics/learning environment will result in learners who cannot think deep and critically. 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