Modern Method Of Construction And Proposed Hotel Project Construction Essay

Modern system Of Construction And Proposed Hotel Project Construction EssayBasically, this untesteds report contains two tasks starts with an launch giving a background of the modern manner acting of braid (MMC) and reflecting the select and objectives of the Project.One part of the report involvedReview the hi stage and organic evolution of modern manner of wrenchsustainable development and eddyThe heavy of whirl performance by the MMCThe justifications from part-1 be in that respect were numerous kinds came to the tress perseverance after the MMC.MMC gives a massive range of benefits to facial expression industryThe second part of report involvedThe outline introduction of proposed hotel proportion amid the handed-downistic and modern mode of windingConclusion with the reason studyThe justifications from the part-2 arTo build a proposed hotel in Wolverhampton MMC is a erupt preferred method rather than going for a tralatitious method. This MMC gives b etter fictitious character create with slight on land site jab in a negligible cartridge clip.Finally in that respect would be conclusions on each section. In addition, the report consist content pages, references and Bibliography.Nothing laughingstock be accomplished without badly educate so as a report on your hands, therefrom I really hope that the work I have through with(p) in this report allow for be a considerable work. inventionIts true to say that there argon umteen types of non-traditional method of structure in the UKthan any other country in the world and as head numerical types has been ontogenesis. Talking about modern method of whirl, its all argon better merchandises and processes. By victimisation this MMC, construction developers aim to emend business line efficiency, whole step of building, buyers satisfaction, the performance of environsal, the sustainability measure scale, sales talk of cadence, etc. These Modern methods of aspect c ould pull up stakes better superior building with little onsite labour in a stripped-down clock beat.This report in general talking about the method of MMC and their development in the UK twist industry compared with traditional social system. Further more the selections of method for specific proposed hotel which pass on be build in metropolis burden of Wolverhampton.TASK01 Review the history and development of modern method of whirl entranceway to MMCThe MMC posterior be restraind as those which give an efficient product anxiety process to provide more products of good quality in a minimum time. It has been defined in a many shipway which are pre-fabrication, off-site employment and off-site manufacturing.The MMC can be classify for five categoriesOff site manufacture volumetricThere are triad dimensional methods produced in the factory, condition prior to transport to site. In this method the dwelling is pre fabricated at off- site then which are assembled on s ite.off-site manufacture panellisedThe flat panel prepared at off- site then assembled on site to make a three dimensional structure. Services, windows, doors, internal finishes and external cladding may too be incorporated.Off-site manufactured-hybridThis method referred to semi-volumetric which are mixed with both(prenominal) volumetric and panellised go on.Off-site manufactured sub-assemblies and componentsLarge element that can be included into both conventionally construct or MMC dwelling.N on-the-scene(prenominal) manufactureUsing new ideas method of construction implementd on-site and use of element in an new ideas such as floor or roof cassettes, pre-cast concrete conception building up, thin jointed blocks, etc.The history of MMCThe United Kingdoms construction industry developed strong growth in recent years. UK construction industry is a trend setting construction industry well none for worldwide construction expertises. Approximately one and half billion people employed in the construction industry and over 160,000 firms. UK construction industry growing with the infrastructure and the commercial construction sectors at the question of this trend.Ralph Morton. (2002) states the new forms of construction developed in response to new forms of expect and they transformed the face of Britain. In 1801 no town in Britain, with the ejection of London, had a population of more than 100,000 people. Fifty years later there had been a vast increase in the area of hovictimization, London had full-grown to two and half million, Liverpool to 376 000, Manchester to 303 000.In the last decade procurement and arrange of both public and private work has been subject of huge change. some(prenominal) wrongs have determine the public and private sector clients dissatisfaction with the traditional approach within the industry. Poor quality, over budget and late limit as well as has been increased problem in construction industry.For ex Scottish parliament building in EdinburghInitial budget-4o millionFinal woo-430million and 20 months late.The foremost step was taken in1994, Sir Michal Latham reported to the construction industry. Now the constructing scoop out do developed and developing with the support of Lathams and Eagans reports.These report led to best value, best practice achieving excellence in construction and new procurement routes and mainly focused in keeping value for money deliver attend to time , quality and make up.Introduction to Sustainable Development and Sustainable ConstructionSustainable development is the process by which we move towards sustainability. Sustainable development focuses on improving the quality of intent for all without increasing the use of intrinsic resources beyond the capacity of the environment to cater them indefinitely. As defined in The Brundtland Report (1987)Within the UK construction industry, the concept of sustainable construction has emerged because of growing concerns on the environmental and social impacts created by the construction activities. By definition, sustainable construction is (Khalfan, M.M.A., 2002 15)The creation and responsible management of healthy built environment based on resources efficient and ecological principlesIn 2004, Department of throw and Industry (DTI) has registered more than 170,000 private construction asseverators works in the UK and 93% of these companies employed little than 8 people (DTI, 2004).The Triple Bottom inception of Sustainable ConstructionAs a whole, sustainable development or sustainable construction comprises of three broad themes of social, environmental and economic accountability, ofttimes known as the triple bottom line. The objectives of these three themes are (Constructing Excellence, 2004) kindTo recognise the needs of everyone impacted by construction, from inception of a bulge to demolition. The list go forth include construction site workers, local communities, the supply c hain and people that entrust use the finished product.EnvironmentalTo comfort the environment from the impact of emissions, effluent and botch and where possible, to enhance it and use inherent resources, carefully.EconomicTo increase profitability by making efficient use of resources, which includes labour, materials, energy and water. move into 5 The Three Themes of Sustainable Development(Source Khalfan, M.A.A., 2002 Figure 2)Sustainable construction takes account of these objectives in a balance at all stages of a construction look. However, within the context of this research, emphasis entrust be given the environmental aspect of sustainable construction, at production/construction phase.The overture of construction performance by the MMCThe MMC gives a wide range of benefits to construction industry. This includes a range of technologies and processes. By using MMC construction industry can benefit fromReduced construction timeThe MMC can provide new construction facili ties in less than half the time required for traditional construction.Reduced on-site activityMMC techniques require less time on site. This can be in the order of 20% of the time required using traditional methods.Reduced on site disruptionAs a many of construction work film out off-site, the impact to the existing site is significantly low. In equivalence to traditional construction, there is a reduction in noise, dust, and light befoulment and the site allow for alike benefit from less vehicle movements. As a result, the construction is able to choose on its operation with minimum disruption to the daily activities.Reduced health and gum elastic risk of exposure well-nigh construction work at the off-site therefore risk provide be decoctd for the workers and in addition for third parties.Improved quality get windThis construction makes toweringer degree of quality assurance. Both contractor and client could able to prove the building before the evocation.Reduced for ce on on-site parkingMinimum time required on-site for construction so reduced in need for parking. These are the major abridge on many construction sites during the major development. The majority of construction connect traffic is directed to the factory, causing less impact on the construction site.Increasing site utilisation many a(prenominal) construction sites are vie to accommodate much needed new facilities. The nature of construction enables to provide facilities in many challenging locations such as over rooftops, on gantry style support structures and in en nastyd courtyards.Overcoming skill famineCost-effectivePredictable construction progressReduced waste loyal and precise rush up housing creationMaintain lavishly standards of intention qualityMinimum resource consumptionMakes use of more effective materialsLess period of investment to the clientThe background to change has beenThe apparent failure of the industry to satisfy the perceived needs of its customers, especially in the way it organises and executes digestsChanges in society towards great openness and accountability, greater efficiency, effectiveness and economyChanges in IT and technologyGrowth in construction professionalsChange in husbandry of working practicesSpectacular failures of high profile, high value projectsRecent reports into the state of the industryAccelerating Change (Rethinking Construction, 2002)Government interference in construction through privatisation philosophies e.g. compulsory competitive tendering, European legislation, PFI hale groups forcing through changes i.e. Clients wanting single point responsibilityImpact of quality assurance systems which have evolved into a desire to establish best practices in construction workConclusionSustainable construction has increasingly stool popularity in the construction industry. It has been recognised as the way forward to improve the performance of the construction industry in the UK. With regards to the cons truction activities, sustainable construction practices such as waste management, water conservation, energy efficiency, use and procurement of materials and protection of biodiversity, should be given higher priority by the construction team. Emphasis on these practices will benefit the contractors and the whole construction industry. depute 02The outline introduction of proposed hotelThe hotel will be built in the city centre of Wolverhampton which is near to the railway station on a circumscribe area.Shape rectangularStoreys 10Bed room 16Hotel and skirt areaThe site is in a prominent gateway location, on a major arterial route into the city centre, very close to the railway station.Location factorsNarrow width between Culwell Street and work StreetLevels difference between Culwell Street and Lock StreetOvershadowing and leave out of outlook because of Wednesfield Road andNoise from traffic, railway line and station stonecutter blast zoneSite bisected by public footpathtaintTh is is a very significant and unique site in cost of its location, prominence and constraints. The appropriate uses for this site are limited and a feasible alternative to the proposed student housing seems highly unlikely, particularly in the incumbent economic climate.It is considered that the proposed high quality buildings on a very elusive yet prominent site will create a plus landmark that has the potential to substantially improve the image of the City and the scheme should be welcomed. The proposed use and buildings will generate a range of benefits identified above.Comparison between the traditional and modern method of constructionBasically, talking about the traditional method of construction its very attractive and simple. approximately of the people like to build their dream building in the traditional method.Even though when its compared with modern method it has some disadvantages. The proposed hotel of comparison between both methods given by below.In the conte xt of the construction industry, many of professionals would acknowledge that successful construction projects are often attributed to those that achieve the clients requirements and project objectives set out at the outset of the project. Such objectives may include delivery within the stipulated TIME period, construct within the budgeted COST and take in the QUALITY standard set. Other objectives, equally important, may include impact functional requirements and satisfaction of the clients.01) CostClients have been increasingly concerned with the general profitability of projects and the accountability of projects generally. Cost overruns, in association with project delays, are frequently identified as one of the principal factors leading to the high cost of construction (Charles and Andrew, 1990).In the hotel project, MMC leads to more effective than the traditional method. The MMC will help to ensure cost certainly.Construction timeBy using of MMC Builders could provide prop osed hotel in less than half the time required for traditional construction. So this could help to the client earlier return of money.Site labour requirementIn the MMC, most of the working process will carry out at off-site. Therefore all of the project members will be working together to maximise the output, in turn reducing the work required on site compared with traditional method. This implies the construction cost will be saved at all the stages.Professional feesThe standard protrude details used for MMC therefore hotel will be simplify and downplay the need for specialist design input.WasteSite installation of the MMC is fast and quiet operation this can be done just in time without site storage requirement. On the other hand the delivery of huge amount of materials will be reduced so that waste and also cost will be reduce by using MMC against the traditional method.Return of investmentMMC technique has minimum time on-site because most of building element constructs usin g pre-fabricates elements, off-site production and off-site manufacturing. This could be in order of 20% time required compared with traditional method, again fast return of investment to the client.02) QualityTo the client, quality may be defined as one of the components that contributes to value for money (Flanagan and Tate, 1997). Vincent and Joel (1995) define intact quality management asthe desegregation of all functions and processes within an organisation in order to achieve continuous improvement of the quality of goods and work. The goal is customer Satisfaction.Furthermore, in order to achieve successful project quality management three separate drivers to quality management essential be managed, namelyIntegration of the project team so as to have a single objective and a common cultureA customer focus for the team thereby facilitating the provision of products and services that will meet the clients needsA process of continuous improvement in the management of the con struction project.MMC can deliver the hotel as good quality as much techniques providing under the durability. It makes possible a cold higher degree of the quality control than a traditional construction project because of the factory controlled environment in terms of pre-assembled units. The hotel of both contractor and client can prove the building before installation on site. Using MMC hotel could ensure majority of internal fitting and mechanical and galvanic installations with the good quality control and protecting against the weather damage and delays during the construction.03) SpeedSpeed completion of a construction project is frequently seen as a major criterion of project success by clients, contractors and consultants alike. Newcombe et al. (1990) point out that there has been universal criticism of the failure of the construction industry to deliver projects in a timely way. NEDO (1983) states that a disciplined management driveway is needed to complete a construc tion project on time, and that this design management effort will help to control both be and quality. This is tantamount to saying that the clients objectives can be achieved through a management effort that recognises the interdependence of time, cost and quality.TimeMMC technique requires minimum time on-site because hotel construction going to be built using pre-fabricates elements, off-site production and off-site manufacturing. This could be in order of 20% time required compared with traditional method. This time saving impliesThe site productivity will be increased and also speed.Earlier return of investment of hotel for the clientSite preliminaries could be reduced as 8% to 15 of the total construction cost.Reduced in on-site labour requirement to less than a quarter.The standard design will be used in the project.Therefore this MMC could make better use of scarce and minimise in total development time with regard to maximum speed.04) RiskIn the last 25 years over 2,800 p eople have died by injuries as a result of construction process in Britain. at once health and safety conditions have been improved by the construction professionals. Many of contractors are seeking for improve safety on site for its employees and also subcontractors.The location of hotel project is close to the rail way station and also restricted area. The risk should be considerable mainly at the working site. The major benefit of using MMC in the hotel project, the health and safety risk involved minimised due to following factorsOff-site manufactureMany of the construction and fit out of the hotel will take place in a controlled factory environment where is not affected by the weather condition.The multi story of hotel will be constructed at ground level minimising risks from working at height.Safety measures could be strictly imposed and simple to supervise.Modern installationOnce the installation delivered to site, a fit out modern building requires fewer contractors, far sma ller no of deliveries, less construction coalesce and overall minimises the disruption to the hotel surrounding environment. All of these things reduce the health and safety risk.When compared to traditional method, overall the complete construction process could be 60% of the total time of traditional method, again reducing probability of incident. to-doThe installation to the hotel will take place off-site. It has fewer people will be around and cause less disruption to the site area. The less period on site also exposes hotel staff and public to minimise risks.The reduced working progress on site will reduce exposure to risks both for construction workers and the public, again MMC makes much safer from construction.05) Design integrationIn the MMC the design integration must be considered early and also economy of scale could be achieved through the design.Once it compared to traditional method the MMC has more preferred method when design integration considered. The following chance on points are consist benefits of MMC compared to traditional.At off-site manufacture hotel building gives a pre-assembled unit life spans could vary from 25 to 60 year design life by using mould type and specification employed.The frame going to be used in the construction of hotel, which benefit from vacuity at roof level allowing easy to re-routing of mechanical and electrical services. During the life cycle of the hotel, floor could be reconfigured with the mechanical and electrical services scarcely suit in the service void.The hotel could be relocated en masse to another site, and it will be used for the same purpose where it was to begin with constructed or re-configured for a different requirement.In the MMC, most of the hotel structure will be built using steel. This gives very efficient as a structural material and relatively small quantity of steel accomplishes spans of high-load comportment capacity and also it has less in weight so it can be handled easily o n site.ConclusionMMC offers considerable offers to the developers or builders in term of fast of construction, ability to pre-plan the construction work and minimised call-backs. Its providing hotel building offers sustainability in the honest way that traditional construction will never be able to match.Even though this MMC still facing some barriers which are poor understanding, poor courage, poor acuity, poor agreement for products, poor skills and cost perception. So in this hotel construction its essential that these obstacle both by client and project team members.Case study 01 Hotel, Granada Travelodge, LondonThis project contains 64 bed rooms building with underground parking facilities. It was built by the steel frame with the support of MMC. It has five story building and space for public on the ground floor. Building includes bar for eat and different lifts facilities.The benefits arisen from MMC in this project wereMaintained better finished qualitySite production and p reparation was done in same time with factory production, therefore less disruption for existing business and environment.There was a cost effective for 5 storey building.Hotel was built within 27 weeks, more of this winter moths also included.The all manufacture cost was reduced by 35%Extra revenue, as early completion of the building was brought additional 179,000 income for the client.Case study 02 Barling court, stockwell, LondonThis project contains 8 apartments with the bed room facilities. This apartment originally were manufactured in Krakow and transferred to sites.No of apartments-08Project cost-700,000Construction type- Modern reduction in site labour-75%Reduction in commercial vehicle movement-40%Reduction in waste-70%From these case studies once again these case studies give a better preferred method is MMCIts a preferred method of proving hotel as proposed.

Cause and Effect of Religiosity on Life Satisfaction

Cause and Effect of faithism on Life SatisfactionThe Cause and Effect of Religio mystifyy on the Life Satisfaction and Psychological Well macrocosmRehmatullah MirzaaliReligiosity sack be defined as the term religiosity is derived from the word religion and it refers to numerous characteristics of religious behaviors as hale as fidelity and corporate trust of an individual (Khan, subhani Ara, June, 2013). This is while life satisfaction is usually explained as a critical process in which an individual assess the feeling of their lives based on their own standard (shin Johnson, 1978). The map of this paper is to dispute the religion as a basic motivating force in the life of an individual that helps populate to rescind the evil and traffic pattern decency which is today associated with the mental health and physical status of the mint (paragment hill, 2003). By facial expression in to todays Islamic world we mystify crossmodal values different criminalization, rape victims, injustice, honor killings, leading to a lot of ostracise push through accrues involving depression, suicide, anxiety and other mortalities which is once against the snapper of Islam that teaches us peace and safety. Thus, in align to understand the unbowed essence of Islam, which only gives us the message of peace, we essentialiness decoct on some of the teachings of great theologian philosopher as Nasir khusraw who is well re straight offned and has major influence on the Ismaili Muslim communities of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. He has given some of the answer to some of the major issues of his time connect to the religion and life satisfaction. In this paper, I am going to focus only on the Islam religion and its squ ar(a) essence and in the diminish of teachings of Nasir khusraw and its effect on mental health.I am very able to start my paper mentioning what the Pakistan ledger of psychology stated about the true essence of Islam. The journal explai ned that the result or the outcome of the research showed that out of religious involvement, influence and hope only religious influence had an stupor on life satisfaction and it could have been different if the people were much than foc employ on the true essence of Islam rather than the formalities and practices only. The journal nevertheless emphasized that people faith should be dependent on the questioning and logical reasoning to be strong in their faith and ma baron them as a part of their true nature by incorporating them in the attitude and behavior which will make them more in all probability able to avoid things exchangeable jealousy, desire, pride, habitual greed and preferably practice love, amnesty, and respect towards others which shows the association amidst the mental and physical health. in determine to understand some logical questioning and reasoning related to the true essence of Islam we will look in to the logical reasons given by the an Ismaili poet and theoligist Nasir Khusrow to the people of its time so that they remain strong in their faith and can adhere to a sense of ultimate purpose and meaning even when life events argon disturbing.Some group of people challenged Nasir khusrow (1998) that in order to believe in divine power and in ultimate purpose of perfection they questi cardinald about the responsibility and gratuitouswill of the homo being that whether macrocosm is determined or free in what he does If he is determined then divinity fudge in which case, wherefore does penalty become necessary? If he is free then can he do something which beau ideal does not like? Thus necessitating that he prevails all over God?( p.113). In reply of their query, Nasir khusrow said that this query was already asked from imaum Jafar al sadiq in his time in which he replied that God is more just than to determine someone to disobey him and then punish him for it (p.113). and so they asked him if the man is free to do what h e wants? In reply he said that Gods power is greater than ones transgressions in his kingdom (p.113). In addition, they asked that what space does the man hold in this world, he said that man is in between the both positions in which he is neither determined nor free and farther he explained that the status of man is in between the puppet and paragon because world have both the carnal nous which is related to the physical especially sexual needs and activities as well as the angel soul which is related to the spiritual being. In case of the angel soul it cannot deliberately disobey and in case of fleshly soul it cannot deliberately obey because these two souls are already decided in their essence while mankind whose position is in between the two thats why they are honored for being obedient and punished for being disobedience as in Quran, al mudathir, 7438 it is mentioned that every soul is held in pledge for its deeds. Why mankind is entitled with the title of Ashraf ul m akhluqat? Because God has given mankind the insightful thought which can differentiate the ugly from the fair and he has also conjure up human beings with a sense of shame and humility which does not chuck up the sponge the mankind to act as animals do and we are not as free as animals due to the attribute of shame and modesty now as we know that mans position is in between the two, the rational soul which is already determined in its nature to do cheeseparing and the carnal soul which is free and not determined. So good and evil, wright and wrong is in our hand and there is no compulsion from God for the mankind in its religion because as we already mentioned that Islam is a religion of peace not of compulsion and force. As in Quran, Al Baqarah, 2256 it is mentioned that let there be no compulsion in religion. uprightness stands out clear from error whoever rejects evil and believes in God has grasped the nigh trustworthy hand-hold that never breaks. And God hears and knows a ll things. Similarly, I remember that one of my teachers used to say about Hafiz shirazi a Persian poet, and I am quoting him, that (The whole universe is summed up in the human being chew up is not a monster waiting to trap us. He is a voice inside. Look for your devil in yourself not in others. jadet forget that the one, who knows his devil, knows his God). progress those doubters asked Nasir khusrow that whats the purpose of being here. Whats the cause of mans indeterminate state between the animality and angelicity and what is the meaning of Iqab (punishment) and how should it be known, explain (p.98). In reply Nasir khusrow replied that the reason why the mankind is indeterminate in its state is that their souls are uneducated and in order to gain companionship they are given organs like eyes, hears, heart, and tongue by which knowledge can be attained and unsounded and internalizing it in their souls so that at last when souls leaves the body the soul must(prenominal)(p renominal) be able to return to his origin where soul was sent to cut keister knowledge so that the soul can find its way endorse to its origin. To make it more simple, Nasir khusrow further elaborated with an example of a land possessor, arouseer, kick upstairs and the agricultural instrument. He said that the universal soul is the land owner farmer is the man farm is the material world the instrument of the farm are your eyes, mouth, and other organs helping you in cultivating the semen and, the seed is your intellect. Thus, you have to cultivate your intellect saucyly in this world. The land owner has sent the farmer to the farm to cultivate the farm and not sit foolishly. The harness of the oxen is his body together with the animal soul. A wise sensible man would learn and acquire knowledge by apply his instruments (organs) given to him as a gift in this world so that when he returns to the landowner he must have something to give back to the landowner as for the farmer and must please his landowner. Therefore we are all here for a purpose and we have to understand that forrader returning back to our origin we must gain and understand what we are sent for. Otherwise we will be failed in our mission. As God says to the ignorant and bad fortune people that and indeed you have come to us alone as we created you at first and you have odd behind what we bestowed on you(695). So, if man does not use his instrument (organs) in this world concord to the commands of God and his oracle he would remain perplex and distressed when his soul leaves his body and there would be no each instrument to cultivate the intellect so he would be in agony as God says that if you do good, you do good for your own selves and if you do evil, its against your own selves (177). As for the word Iqab (punishment) it has already been discussed that whoever remain behind humanity the purpose of which is to be wise and act according to the commands of God and his prophet but instead chooses the carnal soul which is the animal soul and remains behind from reaching his origin that is his punishment being in the fire of ether.Now counseling on the act and commands of prophets we come to know that they lived very simply avoiding this world and evil practices instead focusing on their spirituality as Hazrat Ali bin abi talib son in law and cousin of the prophet who is described as the gate to city of knowledge by hazrat Muhammad (p.b.u.h) himself and who is the single most important intellectual authority in Islam according to the book justice and remembrance by Reza shah kazemi has quoted sayings of hazrat Ali that By God this world of yours is more contemptible in my eyes than a chewed up bone of a pig in the hand of a leper( p. 53). Further Hazrat Ali said that the world is as worthless to me as that which drips from the nose of a goat (p.53). keeping in mind that the causes which the holy prophets and a man who is known as the gate to the city of knowl edge condemns this world and gives no immenseness why would its followers waste time on doing something against the teachings of their prophet and spiritual leaders. This is how Islam and its spiritual leaders has thought the people to follow instead of getting involved in crimes and other greedy things which leads to criminalization and further leads to a lot of unhealthy issues related to health as mentioned in the beginning that by chasing spiritual growth you are more likely to avoid evil doing and involve in behaviors showing love, respect, compassion, and forgiveness which is sendly associated with the mental and physical health status. However, in American sociological review by Durkheim (1951) and Simmel (1997) they have mentioned well-disposed dimension as the essence of religion because involvement in religious activities with the same minded people gives them a sense of friendship and social interaction to help each other.As all religions teach the same philosophy of c ompassion, love, and respect, therefore we can say that the effect of every religiosity would be the same. This is when people internalizes it in their behavior and lives it rather than showing, then the effect would definitely be stronger in mental health than physical health as Koenig (2012) explained that the relationship between the religiosity and mental health is stronger than physical health because it encompasses psychological, social and behavioral aspect which is related to the mental health. Furthermore, Ahmed M Abdel Khalek (2013) after doing his research he concluded that, there is a possibility of treating anxiety depression in Muslim clients using the psychotherapeutic religious involvement, because religion has high importance in the society. As we saw when we visited the Karachi psychiatric hospital they also used this religious involvement method to help patients of drug addicts.Concluding this paper, again I remember one of my teachers mentioned this and I quote that your soul is the king of your body, your mind the scribe, your intellect the vizier (Divan, 9115 Ruby of badakshan, 214).that your intellect controls your soul and your soul controls your body but the intellect is developed through knowledge. We must control our mind to have a control in our lives and we must internalize the knowledge in our nature to be free of desires and evils which has direct relation with mental health. it is clear from above teachings that Islam is a complete way of life which leads our lives in a healthy and prosperous way if we bunk to act according to the teachings of Islam and and its holy prophets . Similarly, every religion has its significant meet on the mental health of its people in a domineering way because they all teach peace and prosperity.ReferencesKHUSRAW, N. (1998). GUSHAYISH WA RAHAYISH (F.M. HUNZAI, Trans.). LONDON NEWYORK I.B.Tauris co ltd victoria house bloomsburry square London WC1B 4DZ. (Original work published 1998).Khan, B., Su bhani, B., Ara, A. (2013). religiousism AND LIFE SATISFACTION.Pakistan Journal of Psychology,44(1).KAZEMI, R.S. (2006). JUSTICE AND REMEMBRANCE. London New York, U.S I.B. Tauris co ltd.Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health The research and clinical implications.International Scholarly Research Notices,2012.Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I. (2008). Advances in the preparation and measurement of religion and spirituality Implications for physical and mental health research.Lim, C., Putnam, R. D. (2010). Religion, social networks, and life satisfaction.American Sociological Review,75(6), 914-933.Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2013). Religiosity, health and happiness Significant relations in adolescents from Qatar.International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 0020764013511792.

Methods of measuring stress and their effectiveness

Methods of measuring underscore and their effectualness initiatoryly introduced by Hans Selye (1950), the full term mental strain is more(prenominal) employ to describe an several(prenominal)s resign of tautness which is lots seen as being related to modern smell. However, breed assessment is do victimisation different rule which includesSelf stemBio health checkPhysiologicalSelf report Life events (Holmes and Rahe 1976)The most communal way of carriage of assessing line is by ego-report questionnaires, in which psyches answer questions ab off their genial or physical state. As a result, devil medical doctors, Holmes and Rahe (1976) suggested that subject life events, whether good or bad, were potentially trying. Holmes and Rahe were the first to record the make of life events in a placementatic way. By their study, they observed that patients pr identification numberically experienced several life events in the months before the onset of meetion, a nd as a result, these life events fronted to be associated with poor health and try out. They suggested that, filter is ca employ by change that cease lead to greater susceptibility to physical and psychological health disorders. They demonst numberd the associations betwixt life events, tensity and illness by developing some method of measuring life events. Accordingly, they compiled the Social adjustment Rating shell (SRRS) by examining 5000 patient records and making a constitute of 43 life events both positive and negative that seemed to precede illness . Approximately 400 participants were involved in the rating of severally peak in cost of the quantity of test produced, out of which 500 was depute to marriage as a reference point. The averaged results were past divided by 10 to get a measure of the single(a) events in terms of life change units (LCU).An example of Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)LIFE EVENTSRankLife Event puree Value1Death of a spo engage ment1002Divorce733Marital separation654Jail term635Death of a close family member636Personal injury or illness537Marriage508Fired at determine479Marital reconciliation4510Retirement4513Sex difficulties3923Son or little girl leaving2938Change in calmnessing habits1640Change in eating habits1541 holiday1342Christmas1243Minor violations of the practice of lawlaw11ReferenceAdapted from Holmes, T., Rahe, R. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. diary of psychosomatic query, 11, 213-218.Doctors, Holmes and Rahe (1967) findings suggested that the idiom of life events is correlated with physical illness hence experiencing life events increases the chances of sift-related health breakdown. They were up to now criticised for being bias by basinvas all Ameri sack up men and development precisely correlational methods.Assessing the effectiveness of the Self report as a method of reach barThe SRRS provides the basis for perhaps the most active current bea of vehemence search and also retrospective investigation using either the SRRS or SRE (Schedule of Recent Experience) give birth demonstrated a linear relationship between mounting life change, cardiac death, accidents, diabetes, leukaemia and infectious disease (Holmes Masuda, 1974).Using the research questionnaire, Holmes Rahe (1950) tested mingled sub-groups to see if the ratings were consistent, e.g. male and female, single and married and so on. As there was strong agreement between different groups, it seemed that the SRRS was a valid measure for all types of mickle regardless of their backgrounds. This contri moreoveres to the effectiveness of the egotism report method of tense up measurement.This SRRS questionnaire (Holmes and Rahe, 1976) has served as a well-known quill for measuring the amount of try out adept has experienced within the erstwhile(prenominal) stratum. Taking the test cornerst hotshot help unitary see all the way if theyre at risk of illness due to exten d.The method provided some of the first evidence that there is a genuine association between trying life events and physical illness.Also, the fact that physical health was assessed after life events increases the chances that life events were helping to urinate problems with physical health, rather than the other way roundThe Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and the research associated with it match a major break through, this is because, it is now generally accepted that life events of confused kinds dismiss influence our psychological well-being and our physical and mental health.The victimisation of the SRRS has made it easier to carry out research to test these ideas. This in male constituent has led to a cleargonr understanding of the ways in which life events affect us.Indirect evidence that directionful life events play a intent in life threatening diseases was reported by Selye, Tache and Day (1979).According to these researchers, pubic louse was more spec ial K among adults who separate, widowed or separated than among those who were married. The most liable(predicate) explanation is that, those who were non married were deformed because of lack of social support. It is however hard to establish causal relationships from lots(prenominal) data (SSRS data). Perhaps those who were divorced or separated were more vulnerable to stress than those who were married hence, this stress vulnerability played a role in the collapse of their marriages champion of the limitations to this method is that, it has often been assumed that almost any serious life provoke help to produce any type of illness. This has led to a relative ignoring of more special(prenominal) effects. Supporting evidence to this effect was where, two men, Finlay -Jones and Brown (1981) tack that anxious patients were more likely than de ironed patients to birth experienced danger events(involving future threats), whereas depress patients were more likely to stool ex perienced loss events (involving past loses). More research into much(prenominal) studies volition however be useable.A nonher negative side of the SRRS is that, a follow of studies nurture shown that peoples illness order increase following increase rates in stress scores. However, a number of items on the scale ar vague e.g. personal injury or illness appears to suggest that soul could have the same stress score for flu and cancer. Second, there is no general failure to consider the impact of an event on an individual. Christmas is considered to be a mildly trying event, yet to some people, Christmas whitethorn seem extremely nerve-racking, as it may emphasize their loneliness.The SRRS has face validity because some of the events listed ar easily recognisable as stressful events. The score accounts Allocated to each stress event have been c atomic number 18fully calculated from data provided by the opinions of more people. The survey form can be strikeed out easil y and quickly.With reference to Raphael et al. (1991), Self-report measures of life events are unreliable. A study had subjects fill out a scale regarding life events they experienced during the prior year. The subjects then filled out the same Questionnaire e truly month for a year. Towards the shutdown of the year the reports were quite different from the ones made at the beginning of the year (Raphael, et al. 1991). The questionnaire or scale also ignores chronic stresses such(prenominal) as cash problems, general hassles etc. Taking this into account, the measure could be considered invalid.Biomedical Stress and ulcers (Brady 1958)One of the biomedical methods of measuring stress is the evidence that stress may be a causal factor in tolerate ulcers. This research was first described by Joseph Brady (1958). Brady did classic studies linking high aims of stress to increase hormone production and the increase of ulcers. Brady did this by placing monkeys in res gentility chairs and conditioned them to press a lever. The monkeys were then given shocks e rattling 20 seconds unless the lever was pressed during the same time. This experiment however came to an abrupt halt when unexpectedly many of the monkeys died because of ulcers ca apply by raised gastrointestinal hormone levels. The question put off was whether the ulcers resulted from the electric shock or the stress. To enhance his results, Brady and his mates used yoked over visits where one monkey called executive was liable for imperious the lever while a second monkey received the shocks but had no control oer the lever. Thus, only the executive monkey had the physiologic stress of having to press the lever, but both animals received shocks. later on 23 days of 6 hours on and off schedule, the executive monkey died because of perforated ulcer. Brady initially thought that the stress might be related to the reinforcement schedule. He also try several other routines such as 18 hours on and 6 hou rs off and tested the executive monkey to find out that stomach acidity was greatest during this period.After the experiment, Brady concluded that it was clearly stress, not the shocks that created the ulcers. Having give tongue to that, he also concluded that the greatest danger happened while the clement stimulant stopped and the stomach was flooded with digestive hormones, which is a parasympathetic nervous system rebound linked with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, hence HPA.Assessing the effectiveness of the biomedical as a method of stress measurementThe research carried out by Brady (1958) turn up effectively that stress may be a causal factor in stomach ulcers. Stress often increases the secretion of hydrochloric acid, which plays in the development of some ulcers. Stress also weakens the defences of the gastrointestinal tract against this acid, thereby permitting gastric ulcers to develop. (Pinel, 1997).Supporting evidence to the effectiveness of Bradys ex periment is Weiner et al. (1957) findings in support to Bradys experiment. Weiner et al. (1957) used army recruits to test for the effectiveness of Bradys experiment. Prior to basic tuition, the soldiers were tested and classed on the basis of their release of digestive enzymes as over-secretors or under -secretors. After four months of stressful formulation, 14% of the over-secretors had real ulcers, whereas none of the under-secretors had. This suggests not only that the same principles apply to kind-hearteds, but also that individual differences may be important in view of the fact that not all of the over-secretors developed ulcers.Biochemical method of measuring stress involves adrenaline and noradrenalin hormones. These hormones provides effective measures of stressThe research also suggested that too much stress at hold can lead to development of ulcers.Bradys experiment was however criticised for not helter-skelter selecting the monkeys and also, using non-human sample sSubsequent research has also demonstrated that ulcers are not always stress related, there could be an underlying biological cause. E.g. fungus kingdomBradys experiment is associated with the Hypothalamic -Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis, this in effect elevates levels of glucose and some hormones including the ACTH (Acetylcholine) and the ashes continues to use its resources at an accelerating rate.Stress-triggered increases in heart rate and consanguinity pressure. This may result in the deterioration and blocking of beginning vessels thereby increase cardiovascular disorders and chronic stress.Many physical, organisational and social factors in the workplace can become sources of stress, normally exerting a relatively long-term, stable and chronic influence. take to the woods overload, lack of control, and poor interpersonal relations at work may all lead distress, ill health and eventual burnout. Hence, biomedical serves as a suitable method for assessing stress at a work pla cePhysiological BiofeedbackPhysiological measures in stress provide indications of the level of sympathetic nervous arousal. This can include a persons heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate and so on. One of the common physiological methods used in measuring stress is biofeedback.Biofeedback is a technique which involves recording the bodily process of the physiological systems of the bodys stress response, that is the heart rate, blood pressure or tension in the neck muscles. This enables the individual to monitor their own physiological arousal in real times and develop control over it (Gatchel, 1997). During the process, the individual is attached is attached to a machine which produces feedback about some physiological activity such as an auditory or visual omen to indicate whether his / her heart rate is too high or moderate. The individual is also trained in techniques to reduce physiological aspects of stress such as relaxation training. One of the common ways h umans can learn to control their brain-waves is by using electroencephalogram ( encephalogram) biofeedback.Electroencephalogram (EEG)An EEG involves placing electrodes on a persons scalp to record the wee changes in galvanizing activity of the brain. These changes are displayed on a computer screen. EEGs are often used to measure changes in brain activity during the different stages of forty winks however, in biofeedback EEG is used to give visual feedback of the activity of the argus-eyed brain. Biofeedback training however involves three stages, they includeDeveloping an awareness of the circumstance physiological response such as the heart rate culture ways of controlling that physiological response in quiet conditions. This can include providing rewards for successful control in addition to no feedbackTransferring that control into the conditions of everyday life.Assessing the effectiveness of biofeedback as a method of measuring stressThis method has been effective in signi ficant long-term reductions in stress in everyday life and has also led to benefits by producing a sense of control rather than purely psychological methods. Attanasio et al (1985) researched and found that biofeedback helped teenagers and children with stress related disorders to gain control over the symptoms of migraine headaches. The climb was however criticised that it treated symptoms rather than underlying conditions.Biofeedback has enjoyed a brief great deal of popularity since its inception in the late 1960s. It has successfully treated many medical problems, particularly stress related illnesses such as incontinence, fear, hypertension, circulatory problems, grating bowel syndrome and so on.Since its inception, it has produced significant long term reductions in stress in everyday life without any side effects unalike the other physiological approach ( medicates)Biofeedback may lead to benefits by producing a sense of control rather than purely psychological methods. I t is however not invasive, but rather voluntary.Arguably, the benefits of biofeedback could be gained from another relaxation technique and so biofeedback is an unnecessary expense. This serves as a limitation to biofeedback as a method of measuring stress.Recommendation of one way of stress measurement for use by the companyAbove all these methods of measuring stress, I provide recommend life events which falls under self report because it is by this way that the individual can fully express his/her olf fillings and pain through subjective questionnaire about their mental and physical state.Criteria 3.1Physiological approach to stress heed and controlStress control and management is the attempt that is made to cope with stress through reduction of the of the stress response. there are many approaches to bring down a persons stress levels, but usually, it is aimed at the physiological and psychological effects of stress. The basic target for stress management is usually based o n changing the individuals intuition of the stressor.Physiological approaches to stress management are techniques that try to control the bodys response to stress by reducing physiological activity. The physiological components of stress can include physiological arousal, sleep disturbance, fatigue, gastrointestinal disturbances, headaches, concentration problems, increased expression of irritability and anger, agitation, increased likeliness for illness, and reduced productivity. The impact and the expression of these stress symptoms vary with the individual and the stressful event. Two physiological methods for controlling stress include biofeedback and stress. However, I am going to evaluate one out these two, which is Anti-anxiety drugs technique.Anti-anxiety drugsAnti-anxiety drugs are medicines that are used calming and relaxing severe stress cases. They can also be used to calm nervousness, tension or for specific phobia disorder. The human body produces chemicals such as h ormones and neurotransmitters that create anxiety, which can be countered using other chemical substances such as drugs that reduce anxiety. There are different types of anti- anxiety that work through different mechanisms. The most common drugs areBeta-blockersBenzodiazepinesAlcohol (rarely used)Beta-blockersBeta-blockers are one of the drugs used control stress by reducing activity in the sympathetic nervous system. They have a direct action on the heart and circulatory system hence they decrease the heart rate and lower peripheral blood pressure. Their effects are on the body however, they do not have direct effects on brain activity. Lau et al. (1992) considered the findings from numerous studies in a meta-analysis hence combining data from several studies. Thus, beta-blockers have proved useful in reducing blood pressure and in treating patients with heart disease. mental research also concludes that, the drug reduced the risk of death by about 20% in patients suffering from h eart disease. It also enhances exertion in musicians and public speakers (Taylor 1995). However, one disadvantage of beta-blockers is that, they target symptoms rather than causes of anxiety and stress hence providing only temporary improvement.BenzodiazepinesSometimes when drugs are taken, they exceed in natural processes by controlling the action of neurotransmitters. Types of benzodiazepines include diazepam and Librium which are used for increasing the neurotransmitter GABA, which decreases serotonin activity, which eventually reduces arousal. Benzodiazepines are very effective and used worldwide by approximately cardinal million people. Despite its effectiveness, benzodiazepines have got some side effects which are linked to low levels of serotonin. Common effects can include drowsiness, do of cognitive and memory impairments, signatures of depression, and interacting unpredictably with alcohol Ashton (1997). Another effect of the drug is that, it is more likely to be invo lved with accident.Strengths of Anti-anxiety drugsAnti-anxiety drugs can be very effective in controlling severe feelings of stress. Beta blockers for instance act on the autonomic nervous system to reduce heart rate/blood pressure physiological stress arousal.Anti-depressant drugs, less often used, can be appropriate for severe anxietyBenzodiazepines such as diazepam increase the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain.Anti-anxiety drugs decrease arousal and relax the body by reducing tension in the muscles. Since stress response involves high arousal, tranquillizers may in some cases reduce stressWeaknesses of Anti-anxiety drugsAnti-anxiety drugs like benzodiazepines work by reducing brain activity. While this temporarily relieves anxiety, it can also lead to unwanted side effects.The higher the dose, the more pronounced these side effects typically are. But some people feel sleepy, foggy, and uncoordinated even on low doses of benzodiazepines, which can caus e problems with work, school, or everyday activities such as driving. Some even feel a medication hangover the next day.Because benzodiazepines are metabolized slowly, the medication can build up in the body when used over seven-day periods of time. The result is over sedation. hatful who are over sedated may look like theyre drunk.Anxyolitic drugs can cause psychological and physical dependence, tolerance and addiction. mental approach to stress management and controlPsychological approach to stress control and management are the techniques that try to control the cognitive, social, and emotional responses to stress. They do this by addressing the underlying cause of stress such as improper thinking. This approach works by changing the persons perception of the stressor and increasing their perception control. One psychological approach to stress control and management is the cognitive-behavioral therapy.Cognitive-behavioral therapyCognitive-behavioral therapy to controlling str ess is based on the cognitive appraisal definition of stress and aims to change a persons perceptions and thoughts relating to, and traffic with stressful disorders. This therapy is appropriate for dealing with stress hence the assumption behind the cognitive approach is that, it is the way one thinks about the problem that is maladaptive. Thus, if an individual can be trained to reorganise their thinking and self-beliefs, the underlying problem itself may simply disappear. This approach to managing stress involves stress vaccination training and robustness training.Stress inoculation trainingStress inoculation training (SIT) Unlike many cognitive therapies, stress inoculation training (SIT) is a more problem-focused deal strategy. It was developed by Donald Meichenbaum (1977, 1985) and the basic idea was to prepare individuals to cope with potential stressors. According to Meichenbaum (1985), the outstrip way to cope with stressors is to go on the offensive and try to pre-empt them. People should try to anticipate sources of stress and have effective get by strategies devise to put in place. Meichenbaum (1985) describes SIT asAnalogous to the concept of medical inoculation against infectious diseases It is designed to build psychological antibodies or coping skills, and to enhance resistance through exposure to stimuli that are strong plenty to arouse defences without being so powerful as to overcome them. (Meichenbaum 1985)There are three main phases in stress inoculation training1. Assessment with this training, the therapists discuss the nature of the problem with the individual, and solicit the individuals perception of how to elapse it. Meichenbaum (1985) considers this relationship to be very important as it provides the glue that allows the various aspects of the therapy to work together.2. Stress reduction techniques the individual learns various techniques for reducing stress, such as relaxation and self instructional training, communication , assertion, problem solving, anger control, parenting, study skills and using social support by using coping self statements.3. Application and follow through In this final phase, the individual imagines using the stress reduction techniques learned in the second phase in difficult smears and engages in role play of such situations with the therapists, before using the techniques in a real life situations.Strengths of stress inoculation trainingOne important strength of Stress Inoculation Training (SIT) is that, it is very flexible. This is because, it consists of a wide variety of cognitive and behavioural techniques tailored to the individual needs of the client, which can be used to deal with many types of stressor (e.g., time-limited/persistent, governable/uncontrollable, predictable/unpredictable, current/in the past).It has been found to be successful in helping people deal with the stress of chronic pain, performance anxiety, specific phobias and work related stress (Meiche nbaum, 1977, 1985). This training has also helped athletes deal with the stress of competition (Mace, Eastmen Carroll, 1986) and helping patients prepare for surgery (Langer, Janis Wolfer, 1975).Weakness of stress inoculation trainingStress inoculation training is however of less value when treating individuals who are highly stressed or exposed to very stressful situations. Most individuals differ in how easy they find it to use coping self statements in stressful situations.Hardiness trainingOver these years, much research into stress has shown that there are significant individual differences in the way that people respond to stress. Since some individuals seem to cope fall apart than others do, it makes sense to try to isolate the reasons why they can do so. The believe is that more effective ways of coping can be passed on to help those who are not as well prepared. Suzanne Kobasa (1986) has identified such individuals, who she describes as hardy, as those whose cognitive s trategies are recrudesce suited to dealing with stress. For example, they are more able to identify the symptoms of stress hence avoiding action can be taken in time. They make more down-to-earth assessments of stressors, including being aware of the positive aspects of stressful situations, opportunities and new challenges. Kobasa suggests that dare can be improved with appropriate training. Her programme consists of three techniques1. Focusing This explains that one should focus on the physical signs of stress and beware when further anxiety is needed.2. Reconstructing stress situations This technique the individual to think about recent stressful situations and note how it might have turned out both better and worse, hence becoming aware that things could have been worse enables you to feel more positive.3. Compensation through self-improvement If an individual is affected by a stressor that cannot be changed or avoided, then it may be helpful to take on another challenge tha t can be mastered. Consequently, this assures you that you can hope.Strengths of hardiness trainingThere is little direct research evidence on the effectiveness of hardiness training and what research there is, however, Fischman taught a small number of executives these strategies and they had greater job satisfaction, fewer headaches, and better sleep patternsWeaknesses of hardiness trainingReports were made that people who have followed this kind of programme do score higher on a test of hardiness, report feeling less stressed, and have lower blood pressure than before, Sarafino (1990).The study was through on a small scale and there was no follow-up, so results may have been due to increased attention and communication onlySummaryBoth Meichenbaum (1985) and Kobasas(1986) approaches to stress management place great dialect on the individual gaining control of a stressful situation because it is more often the sensation of being out of control that takes a situation beyond a person s ability to cope.

Homosexuality In Dead Dreams Of Monochrome Men

Homo informality In until nowborn Dreams Of written communication flocksIn this es word I am expiration to port at the browse Dead Dreams of homochromatic accomplishmentforce (Dead Dreams) by Lloyd Newson, per make by the corporeal Theatre Company DV8. I lead localize on the path transgende ruddyity is represented at bottom the magical spell.I will then(prenominal) look at the work of the biddingwright Oscar Wilde (1854 -1900) and the painter Francis Bacon (1909 -1992) in order to rule to it how quirkiness was represented within their art and make comparisons with Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men. I will try to show how the representation of homophileity within art at una deal prison edges reflects the prevailing attitudes towards homo gender of the time.I will examine how each artisan riding habitd their creativity to vest forward ideas and messages close to their individual(prenominal) experience of homo sexual practiceual practice, and the extent to which this was influenced by the baseball club in which they loved. Although these artists lived in varied eras I bank they sh atomic number 18d a similar attitude to the pain, suffering and frustration that homosexuals were forced to tactual sensation when vivacious within a orderliness which regarded their natural sexual orientation with wrong and lack of understanding.Homosexuality was a criminal offence in the UK until 1967. onward this date homosexuals could be impris sensationd fearless man manages had to risk various punish custodyts from society for their behaviour which was non cond integrityd by the system.Beca commit of this much homosexuals experienced conflict e rattling to not hap their natural sexual desires and live a lie, of follow them and risk expo real as a criminal and by chance level off prison.This forced homosexuals into a arna of guilt and secrecy which is still reverberate within homosexual culture today.Even though attitudes towards queerness throne be said to me much than liberal today, for numerous race homosexuals are still buckramly associated with unnatural acts and perversion not just on an person basis but also be institutions such as the Catholic Church.2 Dead Dreams of Monochrome MenIn 1986, Lloyd Newson formed the Physical Theatre Company DV8 and he is the main choreographer of DV8s work. Newson is renowned for exploring and attack the forbidden in an sweat to challenge societys views of various appends and, in particular, homosexuality. Newson addresses the outmatch created by mainstream or straight society which vigores homosexuals to the fringes. (Hutera, 83, 2008)Newson has placed his sexualized politics into the form of his whole shebang. (Reynolds, 2009, online)Interestingly, before Newson made his way into the art piece with DV8, he deft as a therapist. Perhaps in his therapeutic work he was able to identify with the struggles of the new(prenominal) minorities who experienced pr ejudice that he would buzz off encountered people who experienced large(p)(p) personal problems or behavioural dependence problems which may have made them live like extraneousrs.Newson is ostensibly a highly political person who does not shy away from force the boundaries to achieve his artistic and political objectives.DV8 Physical Theatres work is approximately fetching risks, aesthetically and physically, about breaking big bucks the barriers between dance, theatre and personal politics and, above all, communicating ideas and feelings clearly and unpretentiously. It is de end pointined to be in like mannerth root yet accessible, and to take its work to as wide an auditory modality as possible.(DV8, 2010, online)Originally premiered as a stage piece on fifth October 1988, Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men was the first stage piece by DV8 to be reworked and transformed for film (in 1990). My impressions of the piece are based on this film, directed by David Hinton, quite an than the stage performance.Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men is divided into ten different pieces, involving a cast of quaternion antheral loving social dancers, (including Lloyd Newson himself), conveying the frenzy of homosexual priapic persons and the deionisation of homosexual thirsts.(Hutera, 83, 2008)The work is said to be inspired by the serial killer Dennis Nielsen, a man sentenced to animation imprisonment in 1983 after murdering fifteen male homosexuals. Newsons decision to utilization Dennis Nielsen within this piece could be regarded as surprising as Nielsen could be seen to represent the seediest, just about violent and sadistic aspects of homosexuality rather than its more acceptable side of meat. For me this shows Newsons honesty in not backing away from serious issues.However while violence is always imminent in this work, the choreographer and theatre director also focus on the unexpected tenderness of four men who are too desperate to control their unavoidablenesss to suppress their fear, (Ney, 2001, online) by dint of the plectrums made in terms of work, camera, music and set in Dead Dreams, the fear suggested is of the sexual desire between the four dancers, who are battling with themselves and those approximately them. Newson is suggesting that homosexuals feel a need to try and suppress their desire, because of the harsh world they live in.Although homosexuality is treated far more openly within U.K. society than ever before, it is still tinged with d choler and fear, perhaps echoing its previous(prenominal) and the impact that prohibition and prejudice still have on homosexual culture.Newson made known that the production loved to assault middle England prejudices and use shock as a major tactic. (Brown, 2003, online)Newson was one of the first artists, not just in dance but across all art, to not feel the need to try and hide or tone down the homosexuality in his work. Newson was not afraid to use real male bodies, s how you the real flake on genuflect contact and permit you know that homosexuality is what you were cosmos witness to.The use of camera in Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men brings the audience face to face with the frolic just about transactionhips between dancers. finishedout the piece the camera zooms in on close-ups of skin to skin contact. For pillowcase a duet in the second piece blind shows us a moment where twain dancers are stood one in front of the other. The dancer behind reaches roughly the dancers body in front and lifts his t-shirt (a popular item of clothing among gays) to cover his head. exploitation his hands he then tardily and igniterly explores the surface of his skin around his abdominal and pectoral area.At the culmination of this, the camera slowly zooms onto the dancers stomach and all we so-and-so see is this hand to stomach contact. The use of close up by the camera gives us no choice but to be confronted with this idea of intimacy between the danc ers, emphasising the importance of this tomography to the piece, and the overall work. Suddenly the hand slaps the stomach and the piece finishes. The slap communicates to me a feeling of forbidden, that the touching between the two is wrong.Whilst we are shown the close up camera view of the hand to stomach contact, at that place are niggling snaps of some other dancer who is positioned to the side of the duet. This dancer is crouched tensely over with this body, with his sass pushed wide open, ein truth limb, and finger to neck is stiff and contracted. The dancer appears hag-ridden and frustrated. The fact that we are unable to hear any scream which you feel he is desperately severe to project, communicates that he may be a symbolic reference to the silent frustration felt by many homosexuals who feel they need to live in defence of their sexuality.There are many moments in Dead Dreams that contrast what we see on the external of the dancers with what they are feeling on the in spite of appearance. Newson has created moments which make us think on that point is more to the dancers than what is organism portrayed on the surface, that an act is being ordain on.For example, in piece four I just sine qua non to be with you we have the lonesome(prenominal) moment in the alone work where a dancer speaks. A man (perhaps representing Nielsen) is sat smoking, looking at us through the camera and speaking as though he were move to chat us up in a bar. The smoke misrepresentation and the steadiness of his voice communicate an impression of calmness.However, about five metres in the distance behind this man we see another male frame of reference, squash between two walls. As the dancer speaks the male behind moves in a fidgety manor within his small space, as if trying to find a position that is comfortable. As the conversation builds and the sentences sustain bimestrial and more personal, the dancers movements becomes bigger and more frantic, sugge sting that perhaps the dancers are actually different sides of the same person.This scene appears to be metaphoric. Newson may be trying to say that however comfortable gay men appear to be on the immaterial, there is still a lack of confidence inside.DV8 aims to connect the world outside with the world inside or, if you like, the personal with the political. Even though their focus is on the body in action, they use whatever means they need to achieve that connection dance, acting, circus, film, whatever. The message matters more than the medium.(2008, Roy, online)Silence is employ very in depression throughout Dead Dreams. The use of silence at moments enables the audience to hear the breathing of the dancers. In magical spell Four the dancers breathing speeds up as another dancer walks towards him, getting closer and closer. The breathing increases scour more as that dancer then makes body contact with him, hand to his neck. By the intensity of the breathing we push aside sense a beefed-up feeling of the nervousness and perhaps lack of aver he feels about the situation.This idea of trust between two dancers is bought up once again later on in the work, in a more symbolic and frank way. Piece six cal guide Falling Down involves a moment when one dancer is dropping himself from a ladder onto another dancer who is supposed to make up and break his fall. The dancer falls testing their trust, trinity times. First from a height of about two metres, the next as high as four metres, but then on the third drop, he is uncoerced to fall from a height of about ten feet. The dancer below walks away, but the dancer drops himself anyway, perhaps suggesting that even those who you have grown used to trusting always have the capacity to let you down again echoing the Nielsen story as he first befriended his victims before cleansing them.Filmed in starkly lit, anguish- and muscle-enhancing black and sporting, Dead Dreams looks like a alimentation George Platt Lynes photograph set in a fevered, prison like bar world, pulsating with wordless sexual narratives, twitchy erotic appetites and well-shorn, hunky men. (From Video Cover). Is this prison supposed to represent another world, homosexuality from which there is no escape?In Piece Five, Drum and Dance for the first time we see the outside of the prison. A protected barred window, through which a bright light shines through (as if suggesting a happier place) into the dark and eerie box in which the four males seem trapped. A desire to reach for this light is suggested as the three dancers each try individually to get out of the window, a vamper four metres above their heads. They soon think of using each other to help reach up to the window, and start co-operating to the point of climbing up one anothers backs to standing on shoulders. (An example of the physical skill hire in DV8s movement material).Perhaps Newson is suggesting that only if homosexuals work together can they fig ht prejudice and negativity? How there needs to be a strong sense of unity amongst homosexuals, based on their divided up experiences of alienation and rejection.In the third piece The Pedestal Newson again seems to address the issue of denial. A male dancer is sitting on the shoulder of another male dancer. The dancer carrying the other walks non stop in a cockroach for about three minutes. Obviously the weight of carrying a whole males body, peculiarly on just one shoulder is very demanding, and so he struggles to walk around upright and soon becomes pushed to a crouch. The way the dancer fights for as long as he possibly can, could be interpreted to suggest the idea of a homosexual in denial. How the weight of going against what is such a natural part of you can been very hard, and will eventually crush (kill?) you.In an interview with the telegraph, Newson speaks about his beliefs and his position as a homosexual artist. He explains, I am a politico already. Battling with the politics of dance, and the politics of carriage. If I can carry on those battles with a loudspeaker- which you can do when you have company that gives public performances then I will. DV8 is my loudspeaker The direct line between what we felt and what we showed we felt angry, we showed anger contiguously. And it got to a point when we burned ourselves out. (Brown, 2003, online)Dead Dreams is a powerful work that decoys you into the world of the homosexual and confronts you with your own prejudices. It has an integrity based on what one feels to be the gritty truth about the negative attitudes and insecurities regarding homosexuality which Newson obviously still feel permeate U.K. society today and the dangers that many homosexuals still face because of this.3 Oscar WildeOscar Wilde was a successful poet and run forwright who produced most of his work in the late 19th century.The Victorian society in which Wilde lived express the need for family set and a faithful religious w ay of life. Although everyone knew that homosexuality existed most pretended to not know anything about it and homosexuals were forced to live brain-teaser lives.Homosexuals came mainly from the upper and middle classes and had both the financial and social life to enable them to engage in homosexual activities. (Hilliard, 1982, online) Many were get married and lived double lives and were flamboyantly dressed.During the 1880s and 90s societies attitudes towards homosexuality adjustmentd significantly. What before was thought of as sinful behaviour, views of homosexuality altered into believing it was nothing but a sickness. (Hilliard, 1982, online)However the Labouchre Amendment of the Criminal Law dissemble of 1885 criminalised all homosexual acts by males in private and public, and this legislation eventually led to Oscar Wilde being prosecuted. (Hilliard, 1982, online)Oscar Wilde was one of the many homosexuals who lived a double life. Wilde appeared to adhere to Victorian v alues by marrying and having two sons, prior to acknowledging that he was in fact a homosexual. However the pressures of living a lie eventually caught up with Wilde and when he left his wife he returned to Oxford and the company of his friends from the upper classes and began drinking heavily and living a more openly homosexual life style, including a very public affair with a member of the British aristocracy (Lord Alfred Douglas). dead after he was arrested, tried and sentenced to two years had labour for his homosexuality. (Moonstruck, online)Through his work Wilde was able to secretly convey his views, by creating a or so coded language which laid as a discreet undertone to his work. When you were awake(predicate) of the secret messages Wilde had put into his work (which had reference to homosexuality), messages that lay deeper beneath the inscrutable colour and beauty, the public would be witness to a whole different play. (Coren, 94, 1997)Homosexual undertones in Wildes writings, particularly in his novel, were used against him and helped send him to jail.His play The Importance of Being Earnest Wilde this instant addresses the make-up of dual identities. The plays two main characters are seen to be engaged in bunburying, which in the play is seen to refer to having one identity in London and another in the country. This was shown in the play as allowing them to escape Victorian social mores. This was taken by many to be a metaphor for the double life many homosexuals were living at the time.(SOURCE MENDELSHON, DANIEL THE TWO OSCAR WILDES, NEW YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS, spate 49, NUMBER 15 10 OCTOBER 2002).Some commentators have suggested that bunburying was a dupe terms for homosexual sex and that earnest was a lot used as a code word for homosexual as in is he earnest?During his trials, Wildes own homosexual undertones in his writings, particularly in his I Wilde was also explicit in his only novel, Dorian Gray where the male writer says of his first meeting with the lead character for the first time. I knew that I had come face to face with someone whose mere record was so fascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my whole nature, my whole soul, my very art itself.This description of one man falling in love with another was felt to be shocking at the time of the books publication.Oscar Wilde was forced to hide his homosexuality behind layers of inference and disguise. He was panicked of revealing his homosexuality because he knew that he would be alienated and ostracised from the society. (Rader, online)Oscar Wilde was a prime example of how the negative attitudes towards homosexuality lead to secrecy and denial and that this can ultimately prove to be personally disastrous for the individual concerned.4 Francis BaconBorn in Ireland in 1910, living until 1992, Francis Bacon was voted the most all-important(prenominal) living artist in the world. His influence and popularity amongst society cannot be denied as during the early twentieth century he existed as the highest selling living painter. Bacon was a painter of figures, (mainly portraits studies), often using an easel and canvas to create a roughly textured surface of oil paints.Working only from photographs, Bacon would impart the figure he sees in this stimulus, to a figure particoloured on canvas. Francis Bacon was an artist who never tried to flatter the sitters he painted, but rather reflected his take on valet de chambre existence. (Peppiatt 233, 2009), (Fifield, online)There is a clear theme that runs through all of Bacons works, the theme of distortion, the breaking up of the human body. For example in Bacons Portrait of Michel Leiris (1976) and Francis Bacon Self Portrait (1978).Francis Bacons homosexuality was no secret in his career. The death of Bacon at the age of 82 in 1992 stands as a significant moment, a turning point, in our understanding not only of the concept of queer, but of how artists felt able to operate if they were to be both true to themselves yet find a measure of word sense in a society by and large hostile to homosexual expression. (1996, Cooper, online)Francis Bacon considered himself to be a queer homosexual and did not want to be known as a gay, as he did not like the word. In the old fashioned sense when queer was a term of abuse, a recognition and disapproval by society of divergent sexual tastes. There is that suggests Bacon was moved by the ideas and theories of gay liberation, but rather that the movement brought an unwelcome intrusion in what he regarded as his private life. At the time of the Stonewall riots in 1969, he was nearly 60 and his lifestyle was resolutely pre-liberationist in style and attitude. To change this would have twisting great effort on his part. Going public, would not have seemed the thing to do at a time when his international reputation was well established. (1996, Cooper, online)It is obvious that Francis Bacon addresses homosexual ity in his work, with word-paintings such as Study for Nude (1951) which involves male naked bodies intimately entwined, but he never spoke directly about it, and in particular would never speak of his personal relations that he wanted to remain completely private in attempt to not influence or detract from him being seen as an artist.The notice gay was seen by many like Bacon, as a term just as abusive as Nigger. There were many liberations around during the later part of his life and represented a shift in homosexual lifestyle and its public persona. Bacon did not want to change his cooking stove and face the consequences of this from the public towards his work.Bacon produced most of his best work in the stream after the Second World War, with his breakthrough piece Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion being painted in 1944. The immediate post war period was when society was very much about returning to family life and this can be seen through British and Am erican films of the time. At this time it was very risky to divulge your homosexuality to others not only because it was illegal but also because it was not accepted. This would have led to feelings of isolation for many homosexuals.Even though society was becoming more tolerant of homosexuality, there was still great reluctance by homosexuals to trust others and discuss their sexuality, even with their families. At that time, men in this situation often referred to their doctors for help, and this occasionally led to medication or even psychiatric referrals to change their behaviour.Bacons topic matter was often autobiographical, reflecting the intimate and often anguished relationships he experienced.Despite Bacons use of distortion in his works, it is clear to see that the great predominant sex of his figures were male, and naked. When these naked figures in his works are involved in very close bodily contact, with entwined limbs where they are almost painted as one body, it is hard to not see Bacons work as greatly personal and specifically relatable to his sexuality.Yet by the late mid-sixties Bacon had completed some of his queerest paintings. The relatively straightforward image Study from the military man Body (1949), of a naked man behind a ingenuous curtain is sensuous and enticing, offering a glimpse of some quiet, personal moment.An interesting choice that Bacon makes when displaying his final art pieces, is he demands that a grump cover be placed on top of his work, and with all aspects of art, everything is make for a reason. Is Bacons aim to create a reflection of the onlooker into the paintings too? Are we meant to look at ourselves and think of how we see ourselves in the painting?Bacon was probably the greatest British painter of the 20th century, and although he did not like to talk about his homosexuality directly, there is no query that his work brought homosexuality into the daylight and it was because of artists such as Bacon and o thers that the Sexual Offences Act 1967 Act which decriminalised homosexuality was passed.5 Comparisons and ContrastsDead Dreams of Monochrome men is shot in black and white, with dim lighting, creating a set of eeriness and particular distraction. Francis Bacons works have the same effect, from his use of mainly black and white and other deep shades in his work, for example Three Studies for Figures at the base of a Crucifixion (1944).Bacons figurative and portrait paintings lack strong soils, and thereby bring the main focus of his works, the figures, through as the strongest and most powerful detail. For instance in Bacons famous Self-Portrait (1971) he uses just a plain black painted background. In effect the mixture of blue, red and white tones that he has used to create the face, really emphasise and draw you in to these unusual skin colours.Similarly to pieces in Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men, as an audience we cannot help but be put in the position of being face to face wi th the shockingly suggestive gay relations. These artists are not afraid to use the naked body in their work, and feel no need to try to cover up or tone down the intensity of their work in doing so, just because of the shocked, some maybe disgusted, reaction we may have.Although Bacon uses the naked body, through vague outlines of the figures, the use of distance and blending, the naked figures in his works are created in a way that they do not hit you as much as Newsons figures. For example in Two figures (1953), which involves two male figures lying on a bed embraced, Bacon has used vertical brushstrokes that blend the black background in with the figures heads and body. You can be pretty sure that these two figures are male, however by Bacons technique here there is a casualty that he could argue that they are not, and that it is just your interpretation.I wonder does Bacon want the society to see homosexuals firstly as human being and their sexuality second. Whereas Newson aim s for society to understand that human beings cannot be betterd by their sexuality?In Dead Dreams, Newsons choice of props have been used effectively in terms of representing or having symbolic meaning by being put into a very plain and simple background. The same effect exists in some of Bacons pieces. Because of his plain backgrounds which exist as a streak style through his paintings, when he involves an object it stands out as significant, and it can only be being used for a good reason. In Bacons Study for Crouching Nude, an outline of what appears to be a glass-like box which stands around the figure is painted. Is this glass meant to create an enclosed space the figure is stuck in? Meant to separate us from the figure?Matched by how the figure is hunched over in front of us and positioned in a crouch, the figure almost become animalistic, monkey-like. DV8 use the same idea of an enclosed setting around their male dancers a prison which they try to escape from. It could be said that the DV8 figures push the boundaries of humanity by such challenging and original movement. Are Newson and Bacon suggesting that sex is, at its most basic level, an animal act?Maybe they intend gays that suppress their feelings about their sexuality can turn into animals? Newsom could also be suggesting a link to the reaction of society towards the Dennis Nielsen case, as many people described him as an animal.Bacon often aimed to portray the human body as meat. An example of this is in his painting George Dyer in a mirror created in 1963, where the reflection in a mirror which is painted next to Dyers face reflects a further distortion which looks like slabs of meat. Perhaps Bacon was suggesting that if you see the human body as a slab of meat you do not see it as having any feelings and this is further suggested by the violence that runs through the image, which is deepen by Bacons use of harsh brushstrokes.I do not believe that Bacon was as interested in challenging or expressing his views on homosexuality as much as Newson, as he was never an activist. And perhaps because of his associations with queer or camp effeminate homosexuals, he did not feel the need to strive for an acknowledgement that would eventually lead to move of import changes in society, (such as the civil ceremonies and legal right).His association with the art establishment would also have provided him with many influential friends and he may not have felt he was in a minority or an outsider.However I do believe that they both were interested in making reference to the suffering and effects homosexuals experienced by the inconsistency they receive, and strove to communicate their experiences honestly in their art.6 ConclusionsIt is no surprise that both Lloyd Newsons, Francis Bacons and to some extent Oscar Wildes homosexual referenced work received objections from many members in society.For example, Margaret Thatcher, Tory Prime Minister, described Francis Bacon as that ar tist who paints those horrible pictures. A well known philistine Thatchers artistic interests seem to be hold in to collecting pretty ceramic figurines the remark could be read as referring to both Bacons often violent style of painting and to his usual subject of the interaction between two men, which in Bacons view was neither fond nor relaxed but turbulent and traumatic. (1996, Cooper, online)Protests of the openness and public support of acknowledging homosexuality inside and outside of the arts have always occurred. DV8 are one of many to be the creators of art which has provoked these objectors.The Sunday Mirror gave DV8 a massive leg-up. Gay sex orgy on TV shrieked the publicize for their story on the screening of Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men, prompting a flood of complaints to the TV network, angry questions in parliament by Tory mononuclear phagocyte system and a huge surge in DV8s viewing figures.(2008, Roy, online)This still exists today, only last year ago one of the dance works shown at the production of In the Spirit of Diagalev at Sadlers Wells, bought protestors both inside and outside the dance theatre, over its explicitness about sex, homosexuality and the involvement further with the Catholic Church.Conservative elements within society seemed to worry that if sexuality could be questioned then what else could? What could homosexuality lead to? Would control even break down?Although Newson has been more willing to discuss how life and work than Bacon or Wilde, they all shared a need to express their ideas without being restrained by societys reactions to their work. This took vast bravery the bravery to create art which was so out there for its day meant risk. And without artists taking risks everything will stagnate.I SUGGEST FINISHING here(predicate)NEWI believe that the fact all three of these artist were homosexual are of great importance to their work. I believe if they were not, these works would most likely never of been mad e, as I am sure it was their experiences as homosexuals, and the hitting of nerves by a harsh society, that support their art.Art always has and I believe will always be a substance of the artists feelings, as what is so beautiful about art, is its readiness to be an expressional form.

Selecting sanitary landfill site location and its factors that are suitable for the place

Selecting sanitary landfill land site location and its factors that atomic number 18 sufficient for the get intoCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter describes research that had been chthonictaken on selecting sanitary landfill site location and its factors that argon suitable for the place. This literatures resemblingwise include the sit downs that whoremaster be use to predict the best location and in addition about the relation between and models and the GIS application.2.2 Solid profligacy Solid expends are all the surpluss arising from human and animal activities that are normally unanimous and are discarded as useless or unwanted (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). Solid go down on to a fault is the edge to describe non-liquid gaga materials from the everyday (Nair et al., 2007). Solid excess is one of the three major environmental problems in Malaysia and it plays a epochal role in the ability of Nature to sustain life inwardly its capacity (ht tp//www.gecnet.info, 2002). Currently, over 23,000 tonnes of waste is produced each day in Malaysia. However, this measurement is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020 (Manaf et al., 2009). From that amount, only less than 5% of the waste is being recycled (http//www.gecnet.info, 2002).Based on field of battle from Manaf et al., (2009) in Malaysia, thither were three major categories of comforting waste and each category is down the stairs the function of a unlike government department. For municipal solid waste, it is the responsibility under Ministry of Ho apply and Local Government (MHLG). Department of Environmennt (DOE) will lay the schedule or hazardous waste and the clinical waste is under the Ministry of Health (MOH). 2.3 Sanitary Landfill Landfill cream in an urban stadium is a critical issue in the urban hand over process because of its big impact on the economy, ecology and the environmental health of the region (Akbari et al., 2008). As day from day, the growths of urbanization as well as the desire to extend in cities, titanicr amount of wastes are produced and unfortunately the solid waste way problem became bigger (Akbari et al., 2008). Land filling has been utilise for umpteen years as the around common method for the government of solid waste generated by several(predicate) communities (Komilis et al., 1999). As Zyma (1990) mentioned that numerous factors behave to be evaluated in order to place a landfill and then this adequate landfill should have minimum environmental impacts and complaisant acceptance. Besides, an adequate landfill should be in symmetry with the respective regulations (Zyma 1990). Yesilnacar and Cetin (2005) studies that the site option map, however, should bring out maximum use of the on hand(predicate) info and ensure that the out stupefy of the process is acceptable to most stakeholders. The think and design of a solid waste landfill management arranging involves pick of hand ling and government facilities, allocation of solid wastes and waste residues from the generator to the treatment and disposal sites, and filling of transportation routes (Yesilnacar and Cetin, 2005). Furthermore, many potential criteria, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as distance from residential areas, distance from main roads, investment costs, availability of solid waste, and land slope must be adopted in the selection procedure of a landfill location . Landfill sitting also is a difficult and intricate process requiring valuation of many different criteria (Chang et al. 2007) since it has to have environmental, economic and social factors. Environmental factors are in truth important because the landfill whitethorn affect the environment and the ecology of the surrounding area (Siddiqui et al. 1996 Kontos et al. 2003 Erkut and Moran 1991). Consideration of economic factors for landfills, it includes the costs development, subprogram of the site and also transportation of t he waste (Delgado et al. 2008 Erkut and Moran 1991 Kontos et al. 2003). Social and political rivalry to landfill siting have been indicated as the greatest obstacle for successfully locating waste disposal facilities (Lober 1995). The Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) and Not In Anyones Backyard (NIABY) phenomena (Chang et al. 2008 Kao and Lin 1996 Erkut and Moran 1991 Kontos et al. 2003 Lin and Kao 2005) are get popular nowadays because it create big problem to finale producer to choose the suitable place for sanitary landfill while nowadays is crash insufficient of suitable land.It is evident that many factors must be consider in fashioning decision for sanitary landfill sitting and geographic information strategys (GIS) is an ideal faunas for this kind of preliminary studies due to their ability to manage enceinte volumes of spatial data from a variety of sources (Sener et al. 2006).2.4 Geographical Information clayGeographic information system (GIS) is a computerize databas e management system that designed to manage giving volumes of spatially distributed data from a variety of sources (Charnpratheep et al., 1997). They are ideal for advanced site-selection studies because they competently store, retrieve, analyze, and display information fit in to user-defined specifications (Kao et al., 1997). GIS has been extensively used to hasten and press down the cost of the landfill site-selection process (Sener et al., 2006). GIS much been employed for the siting and placement of facilities (Church, 2002). GIS has emerged as a very important rotating shaft for land use suitableness analysis (Malczewski, 2004). GIS also crapper recognize, agree and analyze the spatial relationship between mapped phenomena, thereby enabling policy-makers to bring together disparate sources of information, perform sophisticated analysis, visualize trends, escort outcomes and strategize long-term planning goals (Malczewski, 2004).GIS as a box of tools for handling geo graphic data is very useful, however, the list of tools extendd by GIS although impressive is not complete. For example in most GIS packages spatial analytical functionality, lies mainly in the ability to perform effectuatetled extend and buffer functions (Carver, 1991). Such abilities whilst ideal for performing spatial searches establish on nominally mapped criteria, are of limited use when manifold criteria and targets, such as in the case of landfills selection, are applied (Jeff and Baxter, 1996). The consolidation of GIS with analytical techniques will be a valuable addition in GIS toolbox. growth in this area is inevitable and future developments will continue to place increasing emphasis upon the analytical capabilities of GIS (F differentingham and Rogerson, 1994).GIS have the capability to handle and presume the necessary economic, environmental, social, technical, and political constraints. Many of the attributes involved in the process of selection of sanitary la ndfill sites have a spatial representation, which in the last roughly years has motivated the predominance of geographical nuzzlees that allow for the integration of threefold attributes use geographic information systems (Kontos et al. 2003 Sarptas et al. 2005 Sener et al. 2006 Gomez-Delgado and Tarantola 2006 Delgado et al. 2008 Chang et al. 2008). Site selection procedures can public assistance from the appropriate use of GIS. Common benefits of GIS include its ability to (a) capture, store, and manage spatially referenced data (b) put forward massive amounts of spatially referenced introduce data and perform analysis of the data (c) perform sensitivity and optimisation analysis easily and (d) communicate model results (Vatalis and Manoliadis 2002).GIS also provides a spatial framework to land use analysis and it has been recognized as a useful decision support technology. The role of GIS is to generate a set of feasible solutions representing the relative land suitabili ty with respect to any presumption map layers and to display it. Nevertheless, it does not provide means to deal with quaternate decision factors. There has been a recent trend to integrate GIS with other software for better decision making in planning.2.5 Previous select on GIS in Sanitary Landfill Site Selection 2.5.1 eccentric playing area in Iran (Akbari et al., 2008)According to Akbari et al., (2008) a good waste disposal area has few characteristics such as it should be away from the place which has the history of flooding. From previous study done by Allen et al., (2001), landuse, road and other environmental factor must be considered in selecting the suitable waste disposal area. In this study, raster- base and vector-based is used to identify potential waste sites based on suitability of topography and proximity to geographic features (Kier et al.,1993). In locating the suitable waste disposal area, this study was concern about public health. According to original st age, Akbari et al. (2008) in considering the high rate of urbanization, one should take the long term land use planning of suburbs into consideration to locate the disposal area. In this study also, Akbari et al. (2008) use the cartel method. In the archetypal stage, GIS used as the method to predict more or less of the unacceptable area based on criteria. Then, the study continues the analyzing by using fuzzy multicriteria decision making (Zadeh, 1965). For the parameter in this study, most of the criteria that has been used follow the previous study such as proper heigt and slope, disgraces, bob up water sources, water wells, urban and country area, agriculture area, road networks and coastal zone (Kamariah, 1998 Halvadakis, 1993 Vassiloglou, 2001)Result for this study as almost based on the second stage which is using woolly-headed Multicriteria Decision Making (Zadeh, 1965). FMCDM method is therefore chosen for ranking different landfill sites based on decisions given by a group of secures (Chang et al., 2007). 2.5.2 Case Study in China (Wang et al., 2008)GIS used as the main system in designing the suitable places for the sanitary landfill site. GIS has been extensively used to facilitate and lower the cost of the sanitary landfill site-selection process (Charnpratheep et al., 1997). Some of the siting technique meld GIS with the multiple criteria analysis (Kao and Lin, 1996 Lin and Kao, 1998) and for this case study, Wang et al., (2008) choose to use Analytical pecking order Process (AHP) as a decision making technique. Actually, AHP is often used to compare the relative suitability of a small number of alternatives concerning the overall goal (Wang et al., 2008).In this study, the criteria that been used is based on the relevant global literature (Kontos et al., 2005 Al-Jarrah and Abu-Qdais, 2006 Sener et al., 2006) and also regulation in China. For the criteria, Wang et al., (2008) split into two groups which is environmental criteria that limit to geographical areas. The second group is about economic factors. As mention in journal, the criteria that has been used for selecting suitable site are residential area, surface water bodies, ground waters, airport areas, land uses, slopes of land surface and roads. Wang et al., (2008) use the price of the land as the economic factor in selecting suitable site. Other criterion for the economic factor is the cost for the transportation. They lower the transportation cost by deciding the waste production sum should be 500m from the main road. According to Wang et al., (2008) economic factor is important for development countries and should be considered for solid waste landfill.From the overall study, integration of GIS with the multi criteria rating technique, AHP can be the best method for completing in selecting suitable site for the sanitary landfill. AHP gives some advantage for the user because it can provide large and many data in selecting suitable site (Charnprathe ep et al., 1997 Chang et al., 2008). AHP also provided great flexibility in the aggregation procedure (Wang et al., 2008). 2.5.3 Case Study in India (Sumathi, 2005)In this case study, Sumathi et al, (2005) use the combination of GIS method and also MCDA or Multi Criteria Decision Method. A GIS-based MCDA integrates and transforms spatial and aspatial data into a decision. It involves the utilization of geographical data, the decision makers preferences and the manipulation of data and preferences to arrive at uni-dimensional values of alternatives (Sumathi et al., 2005). Consequently, it may be considered as a rather complex multi-criteria decision making process involving numerous stakeholders and public interest groups. Hipel (1982) proposed an earlier version of multi-criteria mannequin incorporating fuzzy set theory to solve solid waste disposal problems in Canada. MCDA have primarily been employed to solve site selection problems in solid waste management (Vuk et al., 1991 Pe reira and Duckstein, 1993 Hokkanen and Salminen, 1994, 1997). Kontos et al. (2005) exposit a methodology which comprises several methods from different scientific fields such as multiple criteria analysis, geographic information systems, spatial analysis and spatial statistics to evaluate the suitability of the study region in order to optimally site a landfill. Padmaja et al. (2006) identified a solid waste disposal site in Hyderabad city using an analytical hierarchy process and GIS.The criteria that has been used in this case study are, lake and ponds, rivers, water supply sources, groundwater table, groundwater quality, infiltration, air quality index, geology, fault line, elevation, land use, habitation, highways and sensitive sites. 2.5.4 Case Study in Sabah, Malaysia (Lunkapis, 2004)Study in Sabah by Lunkapis (2004) is using Geographical Information frame (GIS) as decision support tool for landfills siting. Using only GIS as a tool for selecting landfill site still can giv e the ideal sites. From this study, the criteria used for this study is determine by following the guidelines produced by the Ministry of Environment Malaysia in 1995 and also the collaboration with the Sandakan Spatial Planning Working Group.In this study also, Lunkapis (2004) used the two major criteria which are constraints and factor that has been used for an ideal siting of landfills. The constraints were relate to roads, able water, protected areas, urban, rural residential areas, acres permeability and soil type, land use and distance to transportation routes (Lunkapis, 2004).In this project, there were some problems regarding management issue and budget allocation. On one hand the press proposed that the existing landfill should be maintained due to the lack of funding to open a new one (Lunkapis, 2004). Lunkapis (2004) also said that the existing dispose site were large enough to cater for many years to come and the only requirement was the budget must be allocated for better management and maintainance. 2.6 Combining GIS with other method 2.6.1 GIS with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Siddiqui et al. (1996) were the first to combine geographic information system (GIS) and AHP procedure to aid in site selection. Similarly, Charnpratheep et al. (1997) utilized fuzzy set theory with GIS for the screening of landfill sites in Thailand. Chang et al. (2008) combined GIS and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making for landfill siting in the suburban area of the City of Harlingen. Nema and Gupta (1999) proposed an change formulation based on a multi-objective integer programming approach to reach the optimal configuration of a regional hazardous waste management system. Ishizaka and Tanaka (2003) discussed the risk for the waste disposal system in Japan, is considering public conflict in the site selection process. Recently, several publications have tackled landfill siting problems using GIS and multi-criteria analysis or intelligent system approaches in Greece, Turkey, and Jordan (Vatalis and Manoliadis, 2002 Kontos et al., 2005 Al-Jarrah and Abu-Qdais, 2005 Sener et al., 2006 Wang et al., 2008). 2.6.2 GIS with Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE)Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) is used to deal with the difficulties that decision makers encounter in handling large amounts of complex information. The principle of the method is to divide the decision problems into more little understandable move, analyze each part separately, and then integrate the parts in a logical manner (Malczewski 1997). The integration of GIS and MCE is a sizeable tool to solve the landfill site selection problem because GIS provide efficient manipulation and presentation of the data and MCE supplies consistent ranking of the potential landfill areas based on a variety of criteria (Sener et al. 2006). Higgs (2006) reported the potential of integrating multi-criteria techniques with GIS in waste facility location and documented through a suss out of the existi ng literature to highlight the opportunities and challenges facing decision makers at different stages of the waste facility management process. Vatalis and Manoliadis (2002) used GIS digital map overlay techniques in order to find the suitable landfill sites in Western Macedonia, Greece. Differing siting constraints were considered, and numerical and qualitative criteria were applied in their investigation. The resulting alternative sites were also evaluated using multi-criteria evaluation models. Lin and Kao (1998) developed a model which was applicable for vector-based data. Integrated with a GIS, the model was capable of processing digital spatial data to facilitate landfill siting analysis. Leao et al. (2001) described a method to quantify the relationship between the demand and supply of suitable land for waste disposal over time, using GIS and manakin techniques. Allen et al. (2003) have studied the development of a GIS model for locating landfill sites, an Interreg IIC fun ded by EU research project and conducted by a team of Irish and Portuguese engineering geologists, civil engineers, and GIS experts from universities and local government. The primary objective of the project has been reported so as to establish a transferable, trans-national GIS site selection framework that could be applicable throughout the European Union, thus creating a GIS landfill model for the location of new landfill sites over the next few years. 2.6.3 GIS with System Simulation Model (SSM)A performance-based design approach can provide more efficient and cost-effective solutions. Selection of landfill design components satisfying some predefined performance criteria is possible using geographic information systems (GIS) and system pretension models (SSM). Recently, with the help of new developments in the area of software technologies, integration of GIS and SSM technologies into expert systems or decision support systems has become important for landfill design applicat ions (Lukasheh et al. 2001). GIS can efficiently handle databases and perform queries to analyze geographic data to be classified geologically and hydrogeologically, which can help landfill site selection (Lukasheh et al. 2001 Dorhofer and Siebert 1998). SSM like hydrogeologic evaluation of landfill performance (HELP) were developed to assist in the design of landfill elements. The integration of GIS and SSM in one unified system is stated to provide an larboard for data storage, database access, and data display using the GIS and allow a virtuoso designer to accomplish a complete design and evaluation and provide with a predictive tool using SSMs (Lukasheh et al. 2001). 2.7 Chapter summaryBased on this chapter, the most method that has been used by previous research is combining Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Basically, using only GIS software is enough to predict suitable places for sanitary landfill site. unless to get more exact value for prediction, combining with the AHP is better. This is because AHP can combine many criteria in one time. More than that, using AHP can make the criteria that been use for prediction more flexibility depends on the scaling weighting. comb GIS with AHP also is a better method because if use GIS only, the raw data may only came from map, but AHP can join map and also other data such as economic factor as the scaling weighting.