Selecting sanitary landfill site location and its factors that are suitable for the place

Selecting sanitary landfill land site location and its factors that atomic number 18 sufficient for the get intoCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter describes research that had been chthonictaken on selecting sanitary landfill site location and its factors that argon suitable for the place. This literatures resemblingwise include the sit downs that whoremaster be use to predict the best location and in addition about the relation between and models and the GIS application.2.2 Solid profligacy Solid expends are all the surpluss arising from human and animal activities that are normally unanimous and are discarded as useless or unwanted (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). Solid go down on to a fault is the edge to describe non-liquid gaga materials from the everyday (Nair et al., 2007). Solid excess is one of the three major environmental problems in Malaysia and it plays a epochal role in the ability of Nature to sustain life inwardly its capacity (ht tp//www.gecnet.info, 2002). Currently, over 23,000 tonnes of waste is produced each day in Malaysia. However, this measurement is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020 (Manaf et al., 2009). From that amount, only less than 5% of the waste is being recycled (http//www.gecnet.info, 2002).Based on field of battle from Manaf et al., (2009) in Malaysia, thither were three major categories of comforting waste and each category is down the stairs the function of a unlike government department. For municipal solid waste, it is the responsibility under Ministry of Ho apply and Local Government (MHLG). Department of Environmennt (DOE) will lay the schedule or hazardous waste and the clinical waste is under the Ministry of Health (MOH). 2.3 Sanitary Landfill Landfill cream in an urban stadium is a critical issue in the urban hand over process because of its big impact on the economy, ecology and the environmental health of the region (Akbari et al., 2008). As day from day, the growths of urbanization as well as the desire to extend in cities, titanicr amount of wastes are produced and unfortunately the solid waste way problem became bigger (Akbari et al., 2008). Land filling has been utilise for umpteen years as the around common method for the government of solid waste generated by several(predicate) communities (Komilis et al., 1999). As Zyma (1990) mentioned that numerous factors behave to be evaluated in order to place a landfill and then this adequate landfill should have minimum environmental impacts and complaisant acceptance. Besides, an adequate landfill should be in symmetry with the respective regulations (Zyma 1990). Yesilnacar and Cetin (2005) studies that the site option map, however, should bring out maximum use of the on hand(predicate) info and ensure that the out stupefy of the process is acceptable to most stakeholders. The think and design of a solid waste landfill management arranging involves pick of hand ling and government facilities, allocation of solid wastes and waste residues from the generator to the treatment and disposal sites, and filling of transportation routes (Yesilnacar and Cetin, 2005). Furthermore, many potential criteria, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as distance from residential areas, distance from main roads, investment costs, availability of solid waste, and land slope must be adopted in the selection procedure of a landfill location . Landfill sitting also is a difficult and intricate process requiring valuation of many different criteria (Chang et al. 2007) since it has to have environmental, economic and social factors. Environmental factors are in truth important because the landfill whitethorn affect the environment and the ecology of the surrounding area (Siddiqui et al. 1996 Kontos et al. 2003 Erkut and Moran 1991). Consideration of economic factors for landfills, it includes the costs development, subprogram of the site and also transportation of t he waste (Delgado et al. 2008 Erkut and Moran 1991 Kontos et al. 2003). Social and political rivalry to landfill siting have been indicated as the greatest obstacle for successfully locating waste disposal facilities (Lober 1995). The Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) and Not In Anyones Backyard (NIABY) phenomena (Chang et al. 2008 Kao and Lin 1996 Erkut and Moran 1991 Kontos et al. 2003 Lin and Kao 2005) are get popular nowadays because it create big problem to finale producer to choose the suitable place for sanitary landfill while nowadays is crash insufficient of suitable land.It is evident that many factors must be consider in fashioning decision for sanitary landfill sitting and geographic information strategys (GIS) is an ideal faunas for this kind of preliminary studies due to their ability to manage enceinte volumes of spatial data from a variety of sources (Sener et al. 2006).2.4 Geographical Information clayGeographic information system (GIS) is a computerize databas e management system that designed to manage giving volumes of spatially distributed data from a variety of sources (Charnpratheep et al., 1997). They are ideal for advanced site-selection studies because they competently store, retrieve, analyze, and display information fit in to user-defined specifications (Kao et al., 1997). GIS has been extensively used to hasten and press down the cost of the landfill site-selection process (Sener et al., 2006). GIS much been employed for the siting and placement of facilities (Church, 2002). GIS has emerged as a very important rotating shaft for land use suitableness analysis (Malczewski, 2004). GIS also crapper recognize, agree and analyze the spatial relationship between mapped phenomena, thereby enabling policy-makers to bring together disparate sources of information, perform sophisticated analysis, visualize trends, escort outcomes and strategize long-term planning goals (Malczewski, 2004).GIS as a box of tools for handling geo graphic data is very useful, however, the list of tools extendd by GIS although impressive is not complete. For example in most GIS packages spatial analytical functionality, lies mainly in the ability to perform effectuatetled extend and buffer functions (Carver, 1991). Such abilities whilst ideal for performing spatial searches establish on nominally mapped criteria, are of limited use when manifold criteria and targets, such as in the case of landfills selection, are applied (Jeff and Baxter, 1996). The consolidation of GIS with analytical techniques will be a valuable addition in GIS toolbox. growth in this area is inevitable and future developments will continue to place increasing emphasis upon the analytical capabilities of GIS (F differentingham and Rogerson, 1994).GIS have the capability to handle and presume the necessary economic, environmental, social, technical, and political constraints. Many of the attributes involved in the process of selection of sanitary la ndfill sites have a spatial representation, which in the last roughly years has motivated the predominance of geographical nuzzlees that allow for the integration of threefold attributes use geographic information systems (Kontos et al. 2003 Sarptas et al. 2005 Sener et al. 2006 Gomez-Delgado and Tarantola 2006 Delgado et al. 2008 Chang et al. 2008). Site selection procedures can public assistance from the appropriate use of GIS. Common benefits of GIS include its ability to (a) capture, store, and manage spatially referenced data (b) put forward massive amounts of spatially referenced introduce data and perform analysis of the data (c) perform sensitivity and optimisation analysis easily and (d) communicate model results (Vatalis and Manoliadis 2002).GIS also provides a spatial framework to land use analysis and it has been recognized as a useful decision support technology. The role of GIS is to generate a set of feasible solutions representing the relative land suitabili ty with respect to any presumption map layers and to display it. Nevertheless, it does not provide means to deal with quaternate decision factors. There has been a recent trend to integrate GIS with other software for better decision making in planning.2.5 Previous select on GIS in Sanitary Landfill Site Selection 2.5.1 eccentric playing area in Iran (Akbari et al., 2008)According to Akbari et al., (2008) a good waste disposal area has few characteristics such as it should be away from the place which has the history of flooding. From previous study done by Allen et al., (2001), landuse, road and other environmental factor must be considered in selecting the suitable waste disposal area. In this study, raster- base and vector-based is used to identify potential waste sites based on suitability of topography and proximity to geographic features (Kier et al.,1993). In locating the suitable waste disposal area, this study was concern about public health. According to original st age, Akbari et al. (2008) in considering the high rate of urbanization, one should take the long term land use planning of suburbs into consideration to locate the disposal area. In this study also, Akbari et al. (2008) use the cartel method. In the archetypal stage, GIS used as the method to predict more or less of the unacceptable area based on criteria. Then, the study continues the analyzing by using fuzzy multicriteria decision making (Zadeh, 1965). For the parameter in this study, most of the criteria that has been used follow the previous study such as proper heigt and slope, disgraces, bob up water sources, water wells, urban and country area, agriculture area, road networks and coastal zone (Kamariah, 1998 Halvadakis, 1993 Vassiloglou, 2001)Result for this study as almost based on the second stage which is using woolly-headed Multicriteria Decision Making (Zadeh, 1965). FMCDM method is therefore chosen for ranking different landfill sites based on decisions given by a group of secures (Chang et al., 2007). 2.5.2 Case Study in China (Wang et al., 2008)GIS used as the main system in designing the suitable places for the sanitary landfill site. GIS has been extensively used to facilitate and lower the cost of the sanitary landfill site-selection process (Charnpratheep et al., 1997). Some of the siting technique meld GIS with the multiple criteria analysis (Kao and Lin, 1996 Lin and Kao, 1998) and for this case study, Wang et al., (2008) choose to use Analytical pecking order Process (AHP) as a decision making technique. Actually, AHP is often used to compare the relative suitability of a small number of alternatives concerning the overall goal (Wang et al., 2008).In this study, the criteria that been used is based on the relevant global literature (Kontos et al., 2005 Al-Jarrah and Abu-Qdais, 2006 Sener et al., 2006) and also regulation in China. For the criteria, Wang et al., (2008) split into two groups which is environmental criteria that limit to geographical areas. The second group is about economic factors. As mention in journal, the criteria that has been used for selecting suitable site are residential area, surface water bodies, ground waters, airport areas, land uses, slopes of land surface and roads. Wang et al., (2008) use the price of the land as the economic factor in selecting suitable site. Other criterion for the economic factor is the cost for the transportation. They lower the transportation cost by deciding the waste production sum should be 500m from the main road. According to Wang et al., (2008) economic factor is important for development countries and should be considered for solid waste landfill.From the overall study, integration of GIS with the multi criteria rating technique, AHP can be the best method for completing in selecting suitable site for the sanitary landfill. AHP gives some advantage for the user because it can provide large and many data in selecting suitable site (Charnprathe ep et al., 1997 Chang et al., 2008). AHP also provided great flexibility in the aggregation procedure (Wang et al., 2008). 2.5.3 Case Study in India (Sumathi, 2005)In this case study, Sumathi et al, (2005) use the combination of GIS method and also MCDA or Multi Criteria Decision Method. A GIS-based MCDA integrates and transforms spatial and aspatial data into a decision. It involves the utilization of geographical data, the decision makers preferences and the manipulation of data and preferences to arrive at uni-dimensional values of alternatives (Sumathi et al., 2005). Consequently, it may be considered as a rather complex multi-criteria decision making process involving numerous stakeholders and public interest groups. Hipel (1982) proposed an earlier version of multi-criteria mannequin incorporating fuzzy set theory to solve solid waste disposal problems in Canada. MCDA have primarily been employed to solve site selection problems in solid waste management (Vuk et al., 1991 Pe reira and Duckstein, 1993 Hokkanen and Salminen, 1994, 1997). Kontos et al. (2005) exposit a methodology which comprises several methods from different scientific fields such as multiple criteria analysis, geographic information systems, spatial analysis and spatial statistics to evaluate the suitability of the study region in order to optimally site a landfill. Padmaja et al. (2006) identified a solid waste disposal site in Hyderabad city using an analytical hierarchy process and GIS.The criteria that has been used in this case study are, lake and ponds, rivers, water supply sources, groundwater table, groundwater quality, infiltration, air quality index, geology, fault line, elevation, land use, habitation, highways and sensitive sites. 2.5.4 Case Study in Sabah, Malaysia (Lunkapis, 2004)Study in Sabah by Lunkapis (2004) is using Geographical Information frame (GIS) as decision support tool for landfills siting. Using only GIS as a tool for selecting landfill site still can giv e the ideal sites. From this study, the criteria used for this study is determine by following the guidelines produced by the Ministry of Environment Malaysia in 1995 and also the collaboration with the Sandakan Spatial Planning Working Group.In this study also, Lunkapis (2004) used the two major criteria which are constraints and factor that has been used for an ideal siting of landfills. The constraints were relate to roads, able water, protected areas, urban, rural residential areas, acres permeability and soil type, land use and distance to transportation routes (Lunkapis, 2004).In this project, there were some problems regarding management issue and budget allocation. On one hand the press proposed that the existing landfill should be maintained due to the lack of funding to open a new one (Lunkapis, 2004). Lunkapis (2004) also said that the existing dispose site were large enough to cater for many years to come and the only requirement was the budget must be allocated for better management and maintainance. 2.6 Combining GIS with other method 2.6.1 GIS with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Siddiqui et al. (1996) were the first to combine geographic information system (GIS) and AHP procedure to aid in site selection. Similarly, Charnpratheep et al. (1997) utilized fuzzy set theory with GIS for the screening of landfill sites in Thailand. Chang et al. (2008) combined GIS and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making for landfill siting in the suburban area of the City of Harlingen. Nema and Gupta (1999) proposed an change formulation based on a multi-objective integer programming approach to reach the optimal configuration of a regional hazardous waste management system. Ishizaka and Tanaka (2003) discussed the risk for the waste disposal system in Japan, is considering public conflict in the site selection process. Recently, several publications have tackled landfill siting problems using GIS and multi-criteria analysis or intelligent system approaches in Greece, Turkey, and Jordan (Vatalis and Manoliadis, 2002 Kontos et al., 2005 Al-Jarrah and Abu-Qdais, 2005 Sener et al., 2006 Wang et al., 2008). 2.6.2 GIS with Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE)Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) is used to deal with the difficulties that decision makers encounter in handling large amounts of complex information. The principle of the method is to divide the decision problems into more little understandable move, analyze each part separately, and then integrate the parts in a logical manner (Malczewski 1997). The integration of GIS and MCE is a sizeable tool to solve the landfill site selection problem because GIS provide efficient manipulation and presentation of the data and MCE supplies consistent ranking of the potential landfill areas based on a variety of criteria (Sener et al. 2006). Higgs (2006) reported the potential of integrating multi-criteria techniques with GIS in waste facility location and documented through a suss out of the existi ng literature to highlight the opportunities and challenges facing decision makers at different stages of the waste facility management process. Vatalis and Manoliadis (2002) used GIS digital map overlay techniques in order to find the suitable landfill sites in Western Macedonia, Greece. Differing siting constraints were considered, and numerical and qualitative criteria were applied in their investigation. The resulting alternative sites were also evaluated using multi-criteria evaluation models. Lin and Kao (1998) developed a model which was applicable for vector-based data. Integrated with a GIS, the model was capable of processing digital spatial data to facilitate landfill siting analysis. Leao et al. (2001) described a method to quantify the relationship between the demand and supply of suitable land for waste disposal over time, using GIS and manakin techniques. Allen et al. (2003) have studied the development of a GIS model for locating landfill sites, an Interreg IIC fun ded by EU research project and conducted by a team of Irish and Portuguese engineering geologists, civil engineers, and GIS experts from universities and local government. The primary objective of the project has been reported so as to establish a transferable, trans-national GIS site selection framework that could be applicable throughout the European Union, thus creating a GIS landfill model for the location of new landfill sites over the next few years. 2.6.3 GIS with System Simulation Model (SSM)A performance-based design approach can provide more efficient and cost-effective solutions. Selection of landfill design components satisfying some predefined performance criteria is possible using geographic information systems (GIS) and system pretension models (SSM). Recently, with the help of new developments in the area of software technologies, integration of GIS and SSM technologies into expert systems or decision support systems has become important for landfill design applicat ions (Lukasheh et al. 2001). GIS can efficiently handle databases and perform queries to analyze geographic data to be classified geologically and hydrogeologically, which can help landfill site selection (Lukasheh et al. 2001 Dorhofer and Siebert 1998). SSM like hydrogeologic evaluation of landfill performance (HELP) were developed to assist in the design of landfill elements. The integration of GIS and SSM in one unified system is stated to provide an larboard for data storage, database access, and data display using the GIS and allow a virtuoso designer to accomplish a complete design and evaluation and provide with a predictive tool using SSMs (Lukasheh et al. 2001). 2.7 Chapter summaryBased on this chapter, the most method that has been used by previous research is combining Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Basically, using only GIS software is enough to predict suitable places for sanitary landfill site. unless to get more exact value for prediction, combining with the AHP is better. This is because AHP can combine many criteria in one time. More than that, using AHP can make the criteria that been use for prediction more flexibility depends on the scaling weighting. comb GIS with AHP also is a better method because if use GIS only, the raw data may only came from map, but AHP can join map and also other data such as economic factor as the scaling weighting.