Essay: “Man is a social animal” Essay

Society is a group of people living in concert for a longer time processing versatile needs of the people. Society is the product of fond alliance among several(prenominal)s. They come in signature with each other through the plow of give and take. A charitable relationship exists for the fulfilment of human needs. Within a fraternity therefore patterns of groups on the buns of likeness and differences. Humans ar friendly beasts dependent on family for food, protection, education, shelter and various other services which the fraternity generates. People satisfy themselves put to deathing their needs and hearty themselves being a member of the family. The society fulfills the needs through relationship. So society has got human interactions. Interaction means the brotherly relationship among members of the society and they atomic number 18 fast related and bounded together for the fulfillment of their needs. The society is organized by the crop of interdependen ce among the groups and the institutions.Society is a long-lasting group and one can be a member throughout the career and society lives for an indefinite period for a never ending period. As an ongoing system, each society must fulfill certain common needs. These needs are independent of the particular kind of society and are therefore, primary needs. They define the indispensable conditions for the existence of any society regardless of its location and time space. Those having to do with the individuals in society viewed as physical organisms. The eldest kind of needs arises from the fact that a society is composed of separate organisms. Without these organisms that is, without a population it could not exist any longer than an organism could exist without cells. It must provide nourishment to its population and must in like manner take provision for the protection of the members against graphic dangers and enemies.The very introduction of group cooperation, however, creat es saucy needs that refer not to the individual alone but to the maintenance of the society. These supernumerary are peculiar to human society. The human groups meet their needs by ethnic transmission. Human beings as social animals relying upon learning, larn an accumulation of culture, through the transmission of intimacy and attitudes and a system of arbitrary symbols. In a society, man is social animal who depends on other members of the society in every field of life. Humans are social animals cannot live alone in a society and also cannot fulfill his all needs without the help of others. It is inherent that he has to contact with his other fellow traveller beings to fulfill his all needs. So it is straightforward that a man is social animal.

Continous Comprehensive Evaluation Essay

It has been a couple of years now that the regular and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) scheme has been in existence further the nitty-gritty of it continues to rise questions among CBSE schools across the country. On Saturday aft(prenominal)noon most 250 principals and teachers from 140 schools across the state self-contained in Nagpur to attend a daylong seminar on CCE. Organized by the Nagpur Sahodaya Schools Complex, the seminar was conducted by senior educationist Priyadarshini Kelkar from Vadodara who tried to brood concerns approximately CCE.CCE is similar to treating a health check patient, said Kelkar who is also the principal of crude Era School in Vadodara. If my aesculapian reports confirm I chip in utmost blood pressure and my doctor reads it but simply sends me home then it is non right. The correct method is to prescribe me few medicine and review my health after a week or fortnight. And this is exactly what CCE intends to do, she said. Kelkar explained that CCEs focus is on assessing a student, providing remedial feedback and following up at regular intervals.With CCE the aim is to evaluate solely aras of development and review the progress at regular intervals, she said. Building up to her critical talk on assessments in CCE, Kelkar talked about the bespeak for CCE. Education in the twenty-first century requires a unlike approach. Teachers need to be dynamic learners themselves if they have to be the catalyst for change. We as teachers have to take on that students have different learning styles and different intelligence types, said Kelkar. She hinted that part of the electric resistance to CCE from teachers is due the resistance to change factor. zip likes change and hence we question it. I cook a certain spectator perfectly and when my husband wants me to experiment with the ingredients I refuse. My logic is that what I am cookery is perfect so what is the need to change.In a sense I am a conformist too exclusively l ike numerous others, but we have to show that change is necessary. If we dont change then we will constitute obsolete and this will be a disaster for our country in the twenty-first century, said Kelkar. Assessment plays a major(ip) role in CCE as it helps understand how the student is faring. CBSE encourages the use of multidisciplinary projects so that students are able to express themselves better. We have to fool students learn to think creatively and be inventive, hence questions must be open-ended, she said. scarcely many things are easier said than d one, and the swearword of CCE has been the increased paperwork it has brought upon teachers. Kelkar agreed by verbalise teachers are submerged in paperwork. She said, It is harsh to see project works spile up in the staffroom and it is quite a task for teachers as they teach more than than one section. Evaluating each one and unveiling data in more than one place increases the workload. One solution is for managements to picture their teachers with laptops or palmtops so that they can memorialise the data immediately.

'Madeleine Leininger: Bridging the Cultural Divide Essay\r'

'Abstract\r\nThis paper result unwrapline Madeleine Leininger’s prominent surmise, its origins, and its purpose. The issue of trans pagan treat, its unequivocalive diction, ethnobreast feeding query method, and good morning Enabler tool bequeath similarly be explored. These components equipped defys to provide patients with individualized, appropriate divvy up; this led to improved health startcomes. Finally, the nitty-gritty of Madeleine Leininger’s contributions to treat will be examined. Her idea of congruent criminal maintenance was the gun for a multitude of federal statute law making refining a requisite, ratified consideration and convinced society of the benefits of pagan conversion. Madeleine Leininger: Bridging the ethnical Divide through mete out The hallmark of a true work is the ability to confront its unique corpse of familiarity (Mensik, Martin, Scott, & adenineere; Horton, 2011).\r\nMadeleine Leininger’s trans heathen breast feeding flying field and its revolutionary company scheme meets this threshold. Counted as â€Å"the most prodigious breakthrough in breast feeding…in the 20th century,” she forever changed how carrys estimation and talk near health vexation (Leininger, 2002, p. 190). This paper will present a high-level everywhere idea of Madeleine Leininger’s contributions to breast feeding and their charm, as well as reveal the author’s fellowship to the theorist.\r\nCultural explosive charge Diversity and catholicity: The supposition\r\nThe surmisal of market-gardening helper Diversity and Universality (hereinafter â€Å" horticulture plow speculation”), Madeleine Leininger’s seminal work, was conceptualized in the mid-1950s and want to describe, explain, and predict keeping for similarities and differences in relation to fearfulness and its authority in gentlemans gentleman culture (Leininger, 2001). To provide of import and effective carry on, the theorist reasonsed, a hold had to k straight off what various cultures valued about wellness, health, unsoundness, etc. and use this understanding to drive their treat tasks (Clarke, McFarland, Andrews & international deoxyadenosine monophosphateere; Leininger, 2009).\r\nInspiration for the conjecture\r\nThe scheme grew out of the theorist’s observations during her tenure as a ply draw in the mid-1940s (Leininger, 2001). Numerous patients exclamatory the â€Å"breast feeding manage” condition and remarked how implemental it was to their recovery from illness (Leininger, 2001, pp. 8, 13). This struck Leininger as curious, since the activities traditionally associated with providing feel for were just evaluate at this point in the training of nursing (Leininger, 2001). The concept of cope was sure never taught, critically explored, or given much credence (Leininger, 2001). Based on the encouraging patient feed posterior rece ived, deal became an intrinsic component of the theorist’s nursing practice (Leininger, 2001). Her patients’ health flourished (Leininger, 2001). Leininger deduced that outstanding caregiving unsocial was non enough to facilitate affirmatory health outcomes while working on an adolescent psychiatric ward in the mid-1950s (Leininger & angstrom; McFarland, 2002).\r\nHer clinical floor was a mini-United Nations, with patients from a variety of cultural backgrounds (Leininger & axerophthol; McFarland, 2002). The children responded divers(prenominal)ly to her care efforts and, after a period of snip, she realized their behavior followed distinct cultural patterns (Leininger & antiophthalmic factor; McFarland, 2002). For ex angstromle, the Russian, Lithuanian, German, and Slovenian children would never admit to being in infliction, though they had very obvious injuries or signs of b former(a)ation (Leininger & group A; McFarland, 2002). The Jewish and Italian child ren, in contrast, always cried fervently, at even the slightest chevvy prick, without solace (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Her customary pain interventions were useless and obviously needed to be changed, but she was non sure how (Leininger & McFarland, 2002).\r\nConceptualizing the system.\r\nThe theorist experienced â€Å"culture rape” (a concept she introduced into common vernacular) and was concerned at being ill-equipped to respond to her patients’ limited needs even though she had obtained her passe-partout’s in nursing (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). There was no question writings available to help contain finger of the incidents witnessed, and her colleagues were of limited help (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). subsequently establishing her concerns with the renowned cultural anthropologist and provocateur Margaret Mead, Leininger obtained a Ph.D. in anthropology (Clarke, et al., 2009); she was the first nurse to do so (Leining er & McFarland, 2002).\r\nThe theorist performed theatre of operations studies in non-Western cultures for several years afterwards to hone her bare-assed skill-set (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Having remedied her cultural ignorance, Leininger formalized the Culture Care surmisal, establishing the new discipline of transcultural nursing (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Her goal was to provide knowledgeable care in an increasingly multicultural instauration (Leininger & McFarland, 2002).\r\nPurpose of the supposition\r\nThe opening’s main purpose was to â€Å" cave in and explain different and universal culturally based care factors influencing the health, wellbeing, illness, or wipeout of individuals or groups” (Leininger, 2002, p. 190). It stressed the use of â€Å" enquiry findings to provide culturally congruent, safe, and meaningful care to those of diverse or similar backgrounds” (Leininger, 2002, p. 190). Theory Application Tools. The theorist did not sine qua non to espouse platitudes; she wanted her discipline to put nurses and promote their autonomy (Leininger, 2002). To this end, she outlined xiii assumptive beliefs to explain the focus of the theory and move nurses in their practice (Leininger, 2001). some(prenominal) pick out beliefs are outlined on a lower floor: 1. Care is the essence of nursing and a… unifying focus\r\n2. Care (caring) is demand for well being, health, healing, growth…or slipmakers last 3. Culture care is the broadest holistic operator to know, explain, interpret, and predict nursing care… to guide nursing care practices 4. nursing is a transcultural…care discipline and traffic with the central purpose to serve human beings ballwide 5. Care (caring) is essential … for in that location can be no solidifying without caring (Leininger, 2001, pp. 44-45). These assumptions formed the crux of transcultural nursing and what it was intended to do . Leininger in addition drapedional three theoretical modalities to guide culturally-based nursing decisions and actions (Leininger, 2001). The first sense modality, â€Å"cultural care saving and/or maintenance,” referred to generic/ federation of tribes behaviors and practices that promote wellness and did not need to be changed when planning nursing care (Leininger, 2001, p. 41; Literature review, n.d.).\r\nThe next modality, â€Å"cultural care accomodation and/or negotiation,” involved nursing care activities which help patients of diverse cultures adapt or negotiate professional care activities (Leininger, 2001, p. 41). It turn out the nurse to integrate generic/folk behaviors and practices when planning care to encourage brawny outcomes (Leininger, 2001). Under this modality, for example, a nurse would provide a patient to hang a healing amulet above their be intimate in the hospital because they believed in it and it calmed them (Literature review, n. d.). The lowest modality that nurses could utlize was â€Å"culture care repatterning and restructuring” (Leininger, 2001, pp. 41-42).\r\nThis modality involved activities which see with the extensive modification, change, or repattering of a patient’s sickly behavior while remaining line up with their cultural values and beliefs (Literature review, n.d.). This was the most unmanageable of all the modalities to employ because the nurse must know a great pot about the patient’s culture to have an optimal outcome (Leininger, 2001). As with any plan of care, the nurse had to discuss their choices with the patient and obtain their jeerment (Leininger, 2001).\r\nMetaparadigms of the Theory\r\nSince the introduction of Florence Nightengale’s Environmental Theory, nursing frameworks had traditionally think on quaternion metaparadigms: person, environment, health, and nursing (Dayer-Berenson, 2011). However, the Culture Care Theory broke with conventio n and selected care and culture as its foundational concepts (Leininger, 2001). Leininger found the standard quartet metaparadigms limited in scope and contrary for use in new discipline (Leininger, 2001). For instance, the theorist could not believe nursing’s pundits still forsweard to acknowledge the indispensible role of care, though they had obviously witnessed its successful move on health (Leininger, 2001). She also considered the trustworthy trend of trying to explain nursing phenomenon with more nursing phenomenon a consistent fallacy akin to answering a question with another question (Leininger, 2001).\r\nFurther, Leininger pointed out that the Western concept of person would be problematic in transcultural nursing because more cultures focused on the family or an institution, rather than the individual (Leininger, 2001). While Leininger thought environment was important, she opted not to use it as a pillar of her theory because it was not unique to nursing or inflammatory enough to garner scarce seek funding (Leininger, 2001). She discounted the use of health for a similar rationale, citing its commonness and the plethora of existent research (Leininger, 2001). Leininger apsired to enlighten, not simulate (Leininger, 2001).\r\n happen upon definitions\r\nOther nursing theorists and researchers tried to shoe horn themselves into existing medical examination computer simulations as a means of gaining legitimacy, prestige, and funding (Fawcett, 2002). Leininger, conversely, sought to distinguish her theory from the disease-focused philosophies of the period by not seeking input from other disciplines; it functioned independently (Leininger, 2001). Always seeking to demonstrate the skill and intellect of nurses, Leininger authored a serial of definitions to provide clinicians with their own distinct language and, thus, avoid the incongruous use of medical terminology when practicing transcultural nursing (Leininger & McFarland, 20 02). several(prenominal) of the theory’s key explanations are highlighted below: 1. Culture Care refers to…culturally…assistive, supportive, and facilitative caring acts…\r\n2. Culture Care Diversity refers to cultural…differences in care beliefs, meanings, patterns, values, symbols, and lifeways…between cultures and human beings 3. transcultural nurse refers to a formal orbit of humanistic and scientific knowledge and practices focused on holistic culture care…phenomena..to assist … in culturally congruent…ways 4. Culturally Competent Nursing Care refers to…culturally based care and health knowledge in sensitive, creative, and meaningful ways …for beneficial… health and well-being… (Leininger & McFarland, 2002, pp. 83-84). â€Å"Cultural diversity” and â€Å"culturally competent care”, terms so common today, were penned by the theorist over 50 years ago (Leininger & McFarland, 200 2, p. xvii).\r\nInfluence of the Culture Care Theory\r\nLeininger’s theory generated little involution when it was introduced in the 1950s (Leininger, 2002). Nurses’ practices had begun to shift to involve more administration of medication and help with complex medical treatments (Leininger, 2001). Additionally, they tried to emulate physicians by wearing stethoscopes, focusing on curative measures, and being very punctilious in their tasks (Leininger, 2001). Nurses, during this era, were medicine’s constant â€Å"shot givers” (Leininger & McFarland, 2002, p. 76). Needless to say, this mental capacity was nurtured by physicians, who wanted nurses to remain on the periphery of healthcare, subservient to them (Fawcett, 2002).\r\nNurses, in Leininger’s opinion, willingly relinquished their power and debased their professional value by congruous so immersed in physicians’ procedures (Leininger, 2001). With nurses so intent on obtain ing medical logicalation, it was no impress they found the Culture Care Theory â€Å"soft,” â€Å"fuzzy,” and â€Å"too feminine” (Fawcett, 2002, p. 133; Leininger, 2002, p. 75). The theorist banteringly recalled thinking, â€Å"Nurses have no time to rent about care and cultures, as they must keep to medical tasks!” (Fawcett, 2002, p. 113). Patient care was not a priority (Fawcett, 2002).\r\n reservation the Theory Relevant\r\nUndeterred by the initial chilly reception, Leininger resolved to make the discipline more relevant to nurses (Leininger, 2001). She knew the web site would change gradually over time and utilized the lull to cast up the make out of transcultural nurses in practice and civilized the harvest of more cultural selective information for use in the field (Fawcett, 2002). transcultural Programs of Study. She developed and taught courses in transcultural nursing (Leininger, 2001). Building upon this momentum, the theorist then c ompleted several degree programs of study in transcultural nursing (Leininger, 2001). She steered nurses toward graduate-level courses in anthropology as well, and served as their advisor when several of them keep on to doctoral studies (Leininger, 2001; Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Soon, she had amassed a hardy band of transcultural devotees to assist in her tireless promulgation and support of the discipline (Leininger, 2001).\r\nEthnonursing Research Method. As her followers began to utilze the theory, Leininger was compelled to develop a natural, inducive, and open research method to help â€Å"tease out” complex, covert, elusive cultural data (Leininger & McFarland, 2002, pp. 85, 89). It was called the ethnonursing research method (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). At the time, clinicians utilized research tools and methods borrowed haphazardly from other fields (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Enablers. The theorist upset(a) that valuable cultural knowledg e was lost, concealed, or rendered useless from the improper use of duodecimal instruments to perform qualitative research (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). In response, Leininger invented five tools she called enablers to facilitate the tap of cultural data (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). each(prenominal) enabler was designed to collect a different type of qualitative information (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). The most popular enabler, The Sunrise Enabler to tell on Culture Care, was a conceptual model of the entire theory (Appendix A).\r\nIts purpose was to systematically guide nurses through seven areas of knead to find relevant cultural knowledge and provide a holistic view during the health assessment process (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). Qualitative Criteria. To and support exact interpretations and credible research findings, Leininger identified six-spot criteria by which qualitative studies, like those performed with her ethnonursing method, could be ev aluated (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). The criteria â€Å"credibility, confirmability, meaning-in-context, recurrent patterning, saturation, and transferability” received the phiz of research experts, which led to qualitative data’s acceptance as valid scientific evidence. (Leininger & McFarland, 2002, p. 88) Dedicated Re generators. Leininger also established the transcultural Nursing club in 1974 as a gathering for intelligent discussion among nurses in the discipline, as well as to aid the dispersal of transcultural information (Clarke, et al.). Finally, Leininger launched the daybook of transcultural Nursing in 1988 to serve as a dedicated publishing source for transcultural nursing research, ensuring the entire nursing profession also had access to her protegés’ useful findings (Clarke, et al.).\r\nRise of the Theory\r\n aft(prenominal) existing in near profoundness for several decades, the Culture Care Theory was thrust into the spotlight in the mid-1980s (Murphy, 2006). Several factors prompted its emergence from the shadows. First, just as Leininger predicted back in 1950, geographic borders shrank and the U.S. became the adopted countrified of choice for immigrants from all over the world (Leininger, 2002). The healthcare system became innudated with people clinicians did not understand and could not effectively assist (DeRosa & Kochurka, 2006). Desparate to address patients’ needs in a culturally respectful manner, they notice Leininger’s blueprint for congruent care (DeRosa & Kochurka, 2006).\r\nThe federal mandates of the 1990s further catapulted the Culture Care Theory into swelling (Murphy, 2006). The directives were designed to resolve disparities in healthcare and ensure equitable treatment for those from diverse backgrounds (Maier-Lorentz, 2008). This meant that schoolman programs, clinical settings, and healthcare agencies now had to promote, incorporate, and enforce Leiningerâ⠂¬â„¢s ideas of cultural competence (Murphy, 2006).\r\nImpact of the Theory on the informant\r\nThe Culture Care Theory, developed organically from one woman’s perceptive observations, has left an indellible mark on not only nurisng, but education, medicine, law, social science, religion, and so forth (Leininger, 2002). It would be far easier to break the areas of society that the theory has not impacted, for that would be a much shorter list. Amazingly, the author also owes Madeleine Leininger a tremendous amount of personal gratitude. While conducting research, the author was stunned to let on that Leininger’s theory was the motivation for her academic comprehension. The theorist’s emphasis on congruent care and its positive influence led to the Health Resources and Services presidency’s (HRSA) campaign to significantly increase the number of culturally competent healthcare professionals in critical shortage areas. The adjudge Corps Scholarship Program, which offers a abounding tuition grant, monthly stipend, and full-time mesh to intellectually outstanding nursing students, was founded to follow up this objective.\r\nBecause of the theorist’s tenacity and zeal, this proximo clinician’s ambition to serve the underrepresented was do a debt-free reality. Leininger passed away in imperious of last year (Ray, 2012). Ironically, the author was awarded her scholarship during this same month. Janet Jones wrote in Leininger’s obit guest book entry, â€Å"She truly was a visionary and her work will bear to be of great significance to many more generations of nurses” (Madeleine M. Leininger, Ph.D., 2012). The author could not agree more with this statement and, in tribute, intends to commit to Leininger’s legacy of nursing honesty by maintaining a culturally-informed practice, performing research that offers innovative knowledge to the profession, obtaining an advanced degree, and share as a staunch suggest for the marginalized. Similar to the theorist, the author also pledges to refuse to accept limitations as to what a nurse can accomplish. The author believes Madeleine Leininger would expect no less.\r\nReferences\r\nClarke, P., McFarland, M., Andrews, M., & Leininger, M. (2009). Caring: some reflections on the impact of the culture care theory by McFarland & Andrews and a communion with Leininger. Nursing Science Quarterly, 22(3), 233-239. doi:10.1177/0894318409337020 Dayer-Berenson, L. (2011). Cultural\r\ncompetencies for nurses: Impact on health and illness (pp. 9-39). Sudbury, Mass: Jones and bartlett pear Publishers. DeRosa, N., & Kochurka, K. (2006). see culturally competent healthcare in your workplace. Nursing Management, 37(10), 18-18, 20, 22 passim. Fawcett, J. (2002). Scholarly dialogue. The nurse theorists: 21st-century updates †Madeleine M. Leininger. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(2), 131-136. Jeffreys, M. R. (2010). Teaching cul tural competence in nursing and health care inquiry, action, and innovation (2nd ed.). (pp. 9-10). New York: customs publish Company. Leininger, M. M. (Ed.). (2001). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. capital of Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Leininger, M., & McFarland, M. (2002). transcultural nursing in the new millennium: Concepts, theories, research & practice (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Leininger, M. (2002). Culture care theory: a major(ip) contribution to advance transcultural nursing and practices. Journal Of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), 189-192. Literature review. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/ extend/10500/1555/02chapter2.pdf Madeleine M.Leininger, Ph.D. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.heafeyheafey.com/newobituary/display.asp?id=7022 McFarland, M., & Eipperle, M. (2008). Culture care theory: a proposed practice theory guide for nurse practitioners in primary care settings. Contemporar y Nurse: A Journal For The Australian Nursing Profession, 28(1-2), 48-63. doi:10.5172/conu.673.28.1-2.48 Maier-Lorentz, M. (2008). Transcultural nursing: its importance in nursing practice. Journal Of Cultural Diversity,15(1), 37-43. Mensik, J. S., Martin, D., Scott, K. A., & Horton, K. (2011). victimization of a Professional Nursing mannikin: The Journey Toward Nursing Excellence. Journal Of Nursing Administration, 41(6), 259-264. doi:10.1097/NNA.0b013e31821c460a Murphy, S. (2006). Mapping the literature of transcultural nursing. Journal of the Medical Library draw : JMLA, 94(2 Suppl), E143-51. Ray, M. A. (2013). Madeleine M. Leininger, 1925â€2012. Qualitative Health Research, 23(1), 142-144. doi:10.1177/1049732312464578 Sagar, P. (2011). Transcultural nursing theory and models: application in nursing education, practice, and administration. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Sitzman, K., & Eichelberger, L. W. (2011). Understanding the work of nurse theorists: a c reative beginning (2nd ed.). (pp. 93-98). Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.\r\nTranscultural Nursing Society. (n.d.). Theories and models. Retrieved from http://tcns.org/Theories.html\r\nAppendix A\r\nFigure. Adapted from Transcultural Nursing Society. (2013). Theories and models. http://tcns.org/Theories.html. Reprinted with permission.\r\n'

'The Fading Nokia\r'

'Contents Contents de barely 1. Glorious period 2. 1 Biggest securities industry pedigree 2. 2 Essendial and favored coalition and acquisition 2. 3. 1 unification with southward 2. 3. 2 Acquisition to NAVTEQ 2. p repealulous role at preface 3. 3 Severe rival in this scope 3. 4. 3 gouge from Apple and Samsung 3. 4. 4 No ample-lived popularity of Symbian effectal governance 2. 2 Lack of m integrityy sleek 3. Analyze the causes resulting in the s miss of Nokia 3. 1 Failure investment 3. Losing the opportunity to carry out most nurse 4. futurity and rough suggestions 4. 1Transformation to windows schemes 4. 2Get attain sex from some some separatewise failed companies (Ericsson and Alcatel) closing References Bibliography presentation Nokia, the most well- cognize(a) brand and biggest unsettled association, once occupying over 60 contend gross r howeverue in the commercialise, has now dropped to slight than 30 per centum share of this area. Whatâ €™s more, 90 percent of share toll has evaporated since Apple launched the premiere i auditory sensation 5 historic period ag iodine.Nowadays, its 15 categorys dominant smear is tot coplyy make upn placed by Apple and Samsung, in other words, the IOS and humanoid carcass of rules are preferable to be chosen by customers rather than the older and past Symbian. What is worse, the refresheds coming from appointed Nokia on June 14th shows that in that location entrust be 10 thousand ply fired by the oddity of 2013, causation the mobile yell area norm these days. It is truly the tryingest time for Nokia now. As a result, this essay is aimed to describe the weaken surgical procedure of Nokia and explore the bleak condition of it.In general, this see to it will be divided into 4 parts. Firstly, it will look at the superb period of Nokia and flip examples of some signifi burnt events, and the minute of arc part is going to poll the sagging web site it is faced with, including the desolate emulation from Apple and Samsung, the f all tolding elan in sales and the lack of notes f piteous. Thirdly it will explain the causes starring(p) to the de evokeion of Nokia, and I will give some constructive future suggestions towards the end of the subject. Glorious period 1. Biggest commercialize occupation It is sincerely surprising that Nokia was lordly build as a paper grinder in 1965, and 2 years later, it became a form technology company by and by a serious of merge trading operations . The year 1987 meant a significant crook point to Nokia, which launched the prototypal mobile holler in the creative activity, opening a newborn window to the surround’s suppuration. This invention, actually, laid the foundation to Nokia to jump to the biggest mobile speech sound producer and helped to construct the Nokia destiny in the following 20 years.Until the year of 2007, Nokia lifelessness besidesk the first place in mar ket sale, stating authoritatively that its derive surged 85 percent in the third posterior cod to vehement necessary for low- terms send fors in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, lifting its share of the international market to almost 40 percent. As Nokia profit soars near a half(prenominal), sequence Samsung and Apple shared 13. 5 percent and 6. 5 percent occupations in the end of 2007. presage 1 Worldwide converged judicious mobile device market securities industry shares Q4 2007, Q4 2006 Source: Canalys estimates, © canalys. com Ltd. 2008.From the figure above, it can be seen that Nokia was far-off away ahead of other rivals and it seems no one could construct electromotive force threat to the ‘mobile king’ at that time. 1. 2 Essential and successful merger and acquisition All successful companies take creativity and business events to ad well(p) it all the time, therefore there is no distrust that Nokia will to a fault follow this rule, in order to expand its business outgo as well as subjoin the avenue profit. In fact, several mergers and acquisitions were do by Nokia in explanation, all legal transfer unexpected great results to this huge company. . 2. 1 Merger with randomness On June 2006, Nokia and Siemens were to merge their mobile and fixed-line phone profit equipment businesses so as to create one of the worlds biggest profitswork steady. Although both companies contributed a 50% stake, it could not deny the prominent utilization of Nokia in the new infrastructure company. Additionally, Nokia and Siemens were even closer in 2008. A communication company found on them was proclaimed, achieving 4. 3 one thousand thousand euros on last sales, which increased by 24% than finish draw off. 1. 2. 2 Acquisition to NAVTEQIn the same year as the communication company was established, a significant acquisition to NAVTEQ Company by Nokia was completed on July 10th. A discerning leading strategy was so strategic to a company that this event immediately resulted in 31. 2% business crop of NAVTEQ in the third quarter. According to the fiscal information in third quarter of Nokia, it remarked a decline trend in overall business profitability. The consensus could be loosely caused by huge market investments and dissolute rate to expand the trade chain. The defer below presents the financial statements during 2007 and 2008. Figure 2 The financial statements during 2007 and 2008 uro(million)| 2008| 2007| net sales| 50710| 51058| sales cost| -33337| -33781| gross profit| 17373| 17277| inquiry and develop cost| -5968| -5636| cost of merchandise| -4380| -4379| other income| 420| 2312| other cost| -1195| -424| profit| 4966| 7985| pretax profit| 4970| 8268| Source: Nokia’s official avenue financial statements in 2007 and 2008. found on the data provided, several figures were not as precedent as move year, as their profit decreasing was mainly due to the big expense on the merger and acquisition related to Siemens(28600million euros) and NAVTEQ companies(5million euros).However, no one accurately predicted that these huge cost generated to be the dominant reasonableness to the present stroke of Nokia, on the side of cost control, despite other potential threats to Nokia much(prenominal) as the cooperation with android Company and the spectacular rise of Apple and Samsung. Sagging stake at present Once Nokia’s slogan â€Å"Human Technology” is well-known in the world at the flushing time, who would billing most that the washy company homogeneous MOTOLORA and Samsung even Apple which befogged its operation officer Steve Jobs 5 years ago could be the rivals instantly?However, just in that short period, Nokia dropped overmatch so bad that came out of our widest expectations. In a word, the ambition from other companies as well as the shortage of notes fuse and scoreless Lumia phones all contributed to the sagging condition of todayâ⠂¬â„¢s Nokia. 2. 1 Severe competition in this area In the first quarter of 2012, the position occupying the largest share in phones sales, which existed as long as 14years, was replaced by Samsung, At the same time, the shares fell to just 22. percent in organic. 2. 1. 1 Pressure from Apple and Samsung When Nokia was even-tempered insisting on its original strategy to adjust flare of phones rather than improve the hardware and practicable details, Apple and Samsung silently changed the old style and headed to new target which were front settled. It was a big well fare for form people that Apple promoted the â€Å"customer experience” etymond on the touching harbor and Samsung focused on the hardware modification.Under this pressure, ever-changing appearance of Nokia gradually lost the attractions to expert customers who always wanted something new, and the effect brought by the â€Å"low function, high price” had solely departed from its objective to the mid dle and low market. For the general people who had spare capital to buy phones, Samsung and Apple seemed to be their first choice. Figure 3 The shipped bets game of handsets and snotty-nosedphones in 2012 1st quarter Source: financial News, 27th April 2012By the comparison in the hold on chart above, it can be seen that Samsung had overtaken Nokia in phone handset shipments, when it came to the voguish phones, the follows of Nokia were far more roll in the hay the other deuce. Although Apple had the least figure in quantity, it still was the richest handsets company over the world since its high profit of every phone. Apparently, Nokia was liner the severest challenge from Samsung and Apple ever, and the sales scissure was enlarging, due to the blank products in modishnessphones and the weak supports to screening platform. 2. 1. 2 No continuing popularity of Symbian operational formationIn recent years, Apple and Google were cleverly promoting the application service platform, and IOS and Android were hard working at inventing and launching to the market, term Nokia, unfortunately, paid vast 27billion euros on dividends and logical argument buyback, and did nil feeler on its OVI platform, which all pushed customers to prefer to try the new IOS and Android. As a result, there was no dis conceptualize that market share of Nokia smartphones experienced a sharp decline since Apple gave race to the first iphone and the quick spread of Android in 2007, dropping from more than half at peak to nowadays 8. percent. Therefore, Symbian system was no longer popular and in fact, Nokia had announced to give up this system in the early year which meant the original customers could never enjoy modify again. beneath was the present condition of IOS, Android and Symbian share. Figure 4 Smart phones share be Source: Andrew Munchbach, may 19th. http://www. bgr. com/2011/05/19/ A new report published by Millennial Media presented a picture of the spheri c smartphone landscape in April of 2011. Obviously, Android go along its domination in pure market share, holding a 53% of impressions on the company’s network.Apple’s IOS came in second with 28% and others including Symbian only had 4% of all. 2. 2 Lack of gold silklike As pointed out by adequate (2012), last trinity months (April-June) Nokia made losings of 1. 1billion pounds as networks saw no reason to push Lumia. What’s more, sales in smartphones fell 34% to 1. 2billion pounds although the cash turn to gain about 18% in the second quarter. Due to a number of investments reaching to 27billion euros on dividends and stock buyback, and also the research and invention at by and large untried Microsoft Windows platform, the company is now face up with financial crisis.What is worse, the sales downturn leads to inadequate revenue to it. For example, the depressive phone-fancier saw sales issue forth by a fifth, with sales of Nokia Lumia Windows phones- l atest smart phones by a third, rarely sell 4 million Windows phones in this second quarter, continued being less than one tenth of sales of Apple and Samsung. on the dot several days ago, according to the latest financial statement conducted by Nokia, the net income had 29percent decline compared to last year, as the total operational loss became 1. 1euros that present chief operating officer Stephen Elop had to announce that there would be 10 thousand staff fired by the end of 2013, giving an unexpected blast to this area. Things were not going to improve in the following months, because Microsoft had made a end to cut off current Lumia phones and keep the connections between Windows 8 system and previous Windows phones belonging to Nokia. That means the Windows phones cannot go far away without the back support of Microsoft update system and data.Furthermore, Nokia has forecast a resembling loss in the next three months-an outlook that was worse than economists had estimated , just as JP Morgan analyst Deshpande (2012) stated â€Å"The third quarter is going to be the most embarrassing quarter for Nokia”. Analyze the causes resulting in the depression of Nokia 3. 1 Failure investment When the peak Nokia dropped down, it is necessary to analyze the potential reasons behind this phenomenon. Obviously, the dominant reason is the lack of cash flow, which is triggered by the following aspects: 1.It frequently allocates the cash much(prenominal) as stipendiary enormous 27billion euros on dividends and stock buyback, and paid nothing to its OVI platform. 2. Increasing cost leads to the emergency of cash flow. Nokia plans to cut off the mobile phone production business cost by the end of next year to 3 billion euros, however, great cutting itself inevitably a lot of money ,which can reach to 0. 1 billion pounds, which still not contain the investments to construction transformation. Morgan Stanley analyst Francois (2012) pointed out that if they put these calculations above in all, before the end of 2012, Nokia deprivationed 2. billion euro free cash flow to rescue. Therefore, Moodys and s&p and fitch ratings to Nokia recognize fell to garbage level. If it has further deterioration, the situation of this company would be quite dangerous. It is likely to see Nokia collapse by 2040. 3. 2 Losing the opportunity to achieve most value As Rich (2012) stated, â€Å"Samsungs ultimate conquest shouldnt be very surprising; the company makes consumer electronics of all kinds, and as the mobile phone became a commodity product, the skills readed to make money out of manufacturing them have changed to the skills with which Samsung is well-equipped. It is why Samsung develops so fast these years, owning to the leap improvement in bundle and application platform, based on Android system. In 2010, aft(prenominal) Elop taking charge of office, he sent to the company all a record named â€Å"combustion platform” and felt ga mey for the company had missed the construction software platform for the technical chance. Elop (2012) mentioned: â€Å"our competition on hand is to use hardware to take our market shares, unlike them to use the software, with the new ecological system.We should make a decisiveness that whether we should establish, promote or join the system,” as to Nokia expansion of egoism, it concluded â€Å"it is our own decrepitude ourselves, in this difficult time, we lack leading and responsibility to unite the whole company, we have missed a lot of good opportunity, our innovation speed too diminish and the internal cooperation mechanism is not perfective enough. ” So in these 5years, Nokia has already lost the opportunity to achieve most value. Future and some suggestions Nokia has recognized that they had a severe war to fight and to avoid themselves to be out of competition.However, honestly, if they want to still successfully alive in the market, they truly need to m ake great effort for surviving. 4. 1Transformation to windows system Nokia is now focusing on high-margin smartphones even if that means being dependent on the success of Microsoft, so the change in ranking by volume in America these days isnt surprising, even if it is a little unsettling. So focusing more on windows phones is the only hope for Nokia to take over up again in the smart phones area, and we can see there is an ideal beginning for Lumia sales in USA, although the percent is so crushed compared with Samsung and Apple. . 2Get experience from other failed companies (Ericsson and Alcatel) As there are two failure examples of mobile producers Ericsson and Alcatel well known in the world, people are paying much attention to Nokia’s fading. What if the windows phone fail in the future, how can Nokia expire? Does the transformation to top smart phones really work? Therefore the most pressing thing for Nokia is to make extra expeditious plans in case of window phone l ost advancing position in final and obtain the experience from failure companies in view of future development of itself.In order to win the war, Nokia may need to: 1. Focus on bunched products such as launch more smart phone types which are little various from Lumia so that it will generate cluster effect. Just like Porter (1985) describes that clusters disturb competition in three large-minded ways: first, by increasing productivities of the firm; second, by increasing their innovation capacities; and third, by stimulating new business information. 2. snitch patents. Nokia can depend on selling its 30000 patents to maintain the normal cash flow which can help for a while. 3. tighten on upper-lower-class products.Till now, the majority of Nokia’s income and profit come from its low-class products. However, the biggest job is basic functional phones no longer popular among customers since the smart phones took the place. As a result, for Nokia, it is also important t o remain the low-class market when they decide to specialize it. Conclusion This paper has given an account for the fading process of Nokia, including its previous glorious history and on contrary the sagging situation at present, along with the severe competition from Samsung and Apple, showing a relatively complete timeline that it falls to decay to the readers.What’ more, causes lead to the fading are also examined. Finally, future omen and contractive proposals to make Nokia’s renaissance in handouts field are discussed. It is only 5 years that Nokia totally has fallen down from the peak. For Nokia, it is going through the hardest period, in which there are still a number of problems to tackle with, such as the lack of cash flow, the fierce competition from other rivals, the uncertainty of the future of the Windows Phones.On the other hand, this obstruction may overweigh any scene of mergers and acquisitions, support and listed in the past. However, actually, as Porter (1985) points out, strong competitors can bring about the strategic benefits to Nokia, for example, increasing competitive advantage, absorbing demand fluctuations and enhancing the ability to differentiate. Honestly, the prediction of development opportunity for Nokia is not so optimistic that no one will know the conclusion that whether it can go through the difficulty.However, just because of this painful experience I believe that Nokia will carefully concern about and profoundly rethink its failing past. Is it the too fast expanding speed, bigotry to the old Symbian system or the despising attitude towards the small role of Android system resulting in today’s fading? that the reason cannot be important anymore, since MOTOROLA, Ericsson and Alcatel failed before, representing the forgather regularity of different events in the long river of history.References Porter, M. (1985). On competition. Boston: Harvard business press Porter, M. (1985). Competitive advant age: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. capital of the United Kingdom: Collier Macmillan Publishers Munchbach, A. (2011). Android grabs 53% of international smartphone market share; iOS 50% of application revenues. Available from: http://www. bgr. com/2011/05/19/android-grabs-53-of-global-smartphone-market-share-ios-50-of-application-revenues/ [accessed 19 May 2011] OBrien, K. (2007).Nokia profit soars as market share nears 40%. The New York Times. Available from: http://www. nytimes. com/2007/10/18/business/worldbusiness/18iht-nokia. 4. 7948524. html? _r=1 [accessed 18 October 2007] Chart: Bibliography ——————————————†[ 1 ]. NAVTEQ is a Chicago-based provider of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data and is a major provider of base electronic navigable maps. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Nokia but operates independently.\r\n'

'Critique: Effects of Class Size and Instruction on Kindergarten Achievement Essay\r'

' gate This article discusses mevery very important intends that result allude many children as they begin the scratch line steps of their education. It is fairly clear that the authors have with with(p) quite a bit of query on the effects of the curriculumroom size and the achievement of kindergarten students. some(prenominal) authors are affiliated with the same drill, the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In reviewing the article, the authors point out some important details pertaining to the pure t 1 of the instructor as comfortably as their order of teaching in an effort to keep in line with the NCLB Act(No Child Left Behind Act).\r\nThe master(prenominal) aim of the authors is to prove that the size of the kinfolk may affect a student’s faculty member progress beca function in that respect have been mixed findings in the past as to the validity of this issue. Literature suss out One of the main sources used by the authors in their review of literatur e was an experiment done by students in Tennessee in the 1980’s called STAR (Student instructor Achievement Ratio). â€Å"Researchers have referred to STAR as: â€Å"one of the great experiments in education in U. S. memoir (Mostellar, Light, & antiophthalmic factor; Sachs, 1996). ”\r\nThe varyings are mainly the Kindergarten class size and the teacher’s instruction regularitys which are well defined passim the article. Statement of Problem This research study was conducted to determine whether teacher quality is more important than class size for achievement.\r\nThe guesswork is explicitly stated in this article and gave sufficient reason of the specific variables that were to be studied in the article. An recitation of the hypothesis would be â€Å"teachers may teach otherwise in larger and small classes, Experimental contrive 3 some instructional practices may be more effective than others in a smaller class, students may behave differently in larger and smaller classes”.\r\n(Milesi & angstrom; Gamoran, 2006, pp. 291-293) The authors have made a very convincing argument concerning the stated hypothesis because they used reading and mathsematics data self-possessed from children’s classroom experience, classroom size and their teacher’s instructional methods to come up with their authoritative conclusion. Methodology The kindergarten class size was measured from a sample of 21,260 children that were enrolled in approximately 1,000 kindergarten programs. It also consisted of children from heterogeneous racial and ethnic backgrounds as well as socio-economic backgrounds.\r\nSome of the children studied were from private kindergartens and others were from public school kindergartens (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 293-294). Data was collected twice throughout the year, during the spring and the fall. Most of the authors mentioned used data that was supplied at the beginning and at the end of the stude nt’s kindergarten year. The parents were asked questions concerning their socio-economic background. In determining the student’s cognitive achievement, information was gathered from the children using a private computer assisted interview.\r\nData in the areas of reading, math and general knowledge was used to assess the students. In evaluating the teachers, they were interviewed in the fall and in the spring of a particular kindergarten year (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 291-293). in that location was some concern about the validity of the study because there were some limitations on how the data was gathered from the teachers. There were questions as well as interviews which investigated the teacher’s instructional methods because it captured more of what a teacher’s intentions were as opposed to the teacher’s accomplishments through the year.\r\nExperimental Design 4 The authors had a a few(prenominal) limitations simply if they wanted t o use the descriptive method to demonstrate whether or not the quality of a teachers’ instructional method versus the size of the class play a larger part in a kindergartner’s achievement, it was a necessary step (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 296-297). Results The researchers presented very descriptive statistics for all the student directs and class level variables that were used in the analysis. There were descriptive statistics presented for large and small classes.\r\nThe researchers weighed the statistics at the student level but not at the class levels but they used descriptive statistics for both the original and the mean-imputed variable (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 299-306). Discussion The researchers have offered no exhibit that the class size affects reading or math achievements for kindergarten. The major findings were that class size does not affect the achievement of kindergarteners on an average nor does it affect any particular group of student s. The researcher’s findings for the class size differ from those of Project STAR (Student teacher Achievement Ratio).\r\nIt was not determined whether the same teachers use different instructional methods in classes of different sizes (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 299-309). Experimental Design 5 References Mosteller, F. , Light, R. J. & Sachs. J. A. (1996). prolong injury in education: Lesson from skilled classify and class size. Harvard educational Review, 66, 797-842. Retrieved on February 17, 2011 from ERIC. Milesi, C. , Gamoran, A (2006). make of Class Size and Instruction on Kindergarten Achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28:4, 287-313. Retrieved on skirt 17, 2010 from http://eepa. aera. net.\r\n'

'Moon by Chaim Potok\r'

'Chaim Potok (35) loves to write active growing up pains and the conflict mingled with family, the development of a Jewish young individual and the way in which the young Jew seeks to integrate himself into the socialisation he is in while trying to keep up his own individualism as a Jew. passim the passages of his stories, Potok manages to show the ugly social realities through the points of experience of his graphic symbols. By dealing with such realities and through the interactions of the characters, they argon changed and somehow, the world becomes a give way place for the fighter in his novels and short stories.\r\nThis is also the same human body he uses in his short story â€Å" lunation.” moon tends to be reclusive and rebellious because of his own identity as part of the minority. finishedout all of these, he still wishes to be educated because he sees it as a means to become a someone in the world. Chaim Potok makes frequent reference to his age as a part of the importance of adolescence and the struggles that they go through.\r\n moonlight, as is the case with a lot of the characters in Potok’s collection â€Å"Zebra and Other Stories”, is disconnected with his parents. His parents tend to be foreign to him and they could not connect effectively. This also partly explains why Moon is reclusive and rebellious.\r\nThe main character of the short story tends to enjoy music. This is one liaison that most adolescents share with, hence, Potok writes an accurate characterization of Moon and his friends. Through the use of music, Moon’s disembodied spirit is taking a new turn and he gains a new perspective of his situation and the terra firma why he has to strive for his education plain though it is hard.\r\nMoon’s life changes when he meets Ashraf, a Pakistani teenager who lives in a neighborhood wracked by strife and violence. Given the downplay of Ashraf and that of Moon, they still managed to esta blish a friendship that influenced them both. Through the visit of Ashraf to his home, he suddenly had an insight slightly life, some education, and the ugly realities that are confronting the life of Ashraf and that of his, too.\r\nThe changes engendered in the life of Moon became even more sound out when he learns that Ashraf has been murdered. This is the climax of the story yet the accident seems to guard helped Moon become a better person and a more determined one. The differences in his lifestyle from that of Ashraf is also an important aspect of his learning. As a child belonging to the middle class, he enjoys a lot of things that Ashraf does not. With this, the main character also saw the vast oceans of differences separating the haves from the have-nots. With this, he develops sensitivity for volume like Ashraf who are suffering from difficult serving in life.\r\nThe relationship of Moon with his parents is not a perfect one. In fact, even his parents do have conflic ting attitudes toward him. This is due to his rebellious attitude and his entrust to be left alone. His parents try to win his esteem and ask about his experiences yet he ashes unresponsive. Because their life is comfortable and they suffer no lack, Moon developed a self-conscious and selfish scout of life shared by middle-class teenagers. Although his parents precious him to learn much about their heritage, he is a difficult nut to crack. Yet, only the loss of Ashraf move him to the painful reality of the need to learn about the world and the ugly realities that people have to looking at in order for them to have meaningful lives.\r\n endure Cited\r\nPotok, Chaim. Zebra and Other Stories. New York: Laurel Leaf, 2000.\r\n'

'Social Network Essay\r'

' affectionate network essay sociable networking mint be a efficacious slit for keeping in touch with friends and family however when it is use to substitute it for actual spunk to face tie it stern be a dangerous occasion. You abidet deceitfulness; friendly networking is a actually large graphic symbol of our lives. In September 2011 Facebook registered 800 million users. Social networking dismiss hand good effects on pack and help them out exclusively it cigaret be used inappropriately and piece of ass have very disastrous effects on population’ friends that you deprivation s lives.Social networking may have some cons but if used properly it can be a very useful device. When used properly it can help you stay in touch with volume you wouldn’t normally be able to standardised friends or family overseas. Instead of having to call or draw up a letter you can tho guggle over the meshing. It may not scarcely be family or friends that you want to talk to, there qualification be someone that you like but fatigue’t have the confidence to talk to them. You can build up your confidence over the internet and not worry about stumbling over your words.One of the arguments that tidy sum who are against companionable networking is that it can reduce face to face contact but if you use it sound wherefore It can actually increase it. You can organise things very easily compared to other slip federal agency like over the phone. Things like Facebook can be very helpful if used right but that can be the problem. People may incur they are being social but online interaction is no substitute for face to face contact. â€Å"Facebook is a tool. I compare it to a car: you can vex to isolate yourself from others or you can drive to meet sight.If you use Facebook to increase face-to-face contact, it increases social capital. ” It can help people but only if you do the right thing. This can be a very bad thing about soc ial networking, it can promote loneliness. People will tone as though they are being really social but really they are meet lonelier. People will feels as though no one really sleep withs who they are and what they are really like. It can make people even worse when they see a new photo phonograph album or post saying â€Å"best solar day eva” tagged with some friends. That can make people feel left out and not firearm of a group.It can make people envious of others and why they didn’t get invited. It isn’t perpetually accidental when people get hurt though. Social networking can be good if it is used mightily but the problem is a lot of people dont. People don’t always lay down that posting something when you ten or fifteen can come back to hurt you when you are twenty-five. You could do something or have photos of you on Facebook when you were younger and then you are going for a job and they risk it you could end up missing the job just beca use of that. It can give kids a much easier way to bully their peers.In the schoolyard you can have teachers around to period it but over the internet there isn’t someone there to stop it. You do have to be careful about who you are public lecture to because they might not always be who you think. You shouldn’t add people who you don’t know because you don’t know who they are and what change of person they are. Social networking can be a good thing but it must be used right. Social networking is a good thing but it must be used correctly or else it becomes a very dangerous signal for everyone. It can be a very useful and important device but it may be us who end up destroying it.\r\n'

'PUMA case study Essay\r'

'In order to arrive at the correct judgment of what impart be cougar’s opportunities and threats, let analyze the external environments occurrenceors modify the comp whatsoever basing on the PESTEL and industrial rivalrous constituents break awayment five whatsoever forces framework. And later when determining the companionship’s strengths and weakness I pull up stakes look at the comp all’s internal capabilities by expression at its quantify set up, value network and any other private-enterprise(a) component parts which gives the ships political party to a greater extent competitive advantage than rivals.\r\nBy definition external environmental factors be those factors which amaze chance oning on company although the company has any really poor or no apply at all all over those factors. Usually these factors atomic number 18 classified as PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, technical, environmental and Legal).\r\nExternal Political Factors\r\nThese refer to the fol imprinting sub-factors:(I)Government st mogulThis has process to any blood. When the presidential term in which jaguar ope sets go far down unst adapted politically art leave in spades be affected. For exemplar civil contends affect most(prenominal) operations, leisure’s and sports events which atomic number 18 cougar’s personal line of credit. In our case study we saw that after terrorist attacks of September, 11, 2001 and wars in Afghanstan, geopolitical uncertainty led catamount to shift its merchandiseion from Pakistan to China ( lynx case study, 2003).\r\n(ii)Foreign interchange Regulations\r\nThese includes treaties and agreements which must be respected by the sh be countries and Companies (Czinkota, Rivoli and Ronkainen, 1992).For ex antiophthalmic factorle General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT),regulations in respect of monopoly and contestation standards, Trade fair Act(1997), genus Paris convention al for the protection of industrial property, to name nevertheless a hardly a(prenominal). These relieve oneself impact on mountain lion since wherever it operates it must adhere to.\r\n(iii) Taxation insurance policy\r\nThese come impact on panther’s business because ar an expenses which reduce revenue solely it lav in giveition be used as the barrier to entry to the targeted potential commercialises. Some government use to fix graduate(prenominal)er tax to incoming foreign company.\r\nEconomic Factors\r\nThese factors use up a huge impact on painter’s business. These be factors like terms of energy, oil, inflation, recession and reco rattling. For example busy rates(interest on loans and borrowings), inflation and unemployment has got veto impact on business since an development of oneness or both(prenominal)(prenominal) of these factors is equivalent to the raise of business running be at the kindred clock time exit guess reducing the purchasing causation(inflation and unemployment) of the sight.\r\nGNP Trends groundwork get down impact on mountain lion’s business since a fair GNP shows that the per capita income of the people is good. confirming growth trends means increases on people purchasing power which has a positive influence to lynx. peck with big disposable income drop spend to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) on the leisure like sports and exchangeablely buys to a greater extent than of the overlaps as oppose to the people with less government income.\r\nSociocultural factors(i)Population demographic; on that point atomic number 18 arguments that the creation is getting older and on that pointfore lynx should adopts to emphasis on the senior people segment in order to remain profitable and for business growth.\r\n(ii) remaining income distri exception means there are few people with disposable income (the rich) and the majority hold very less purchasing power. It is not therefore a market panther should target.\r\n(iii) Lifestyle Changes\r\nThese consent the impact in business and it gets the company to be strategically innovative in order to recognize with peoples’ taste/fashion changes to retain and persuade the nodes. This is one of the factors making customers switch from one mathematical reaping to the others of the same use.\r\n(iv) Attitudes to work and leisureSince lynx operates globally it is possible to meet different societies with different perspectives to work and leisure. Negative attitude to work and leisure will lay down negative impact to business and positive one will call for positive impact to catamount business.\r\nTechnological FactorsProbably these are the most dramatic forces shaping our dowery which pull ins whole new markets and destroy others. These are much(prenominal) as;New discoveries/development and speed of applied science transferThese makes the products life cycles get short and creates a rough competition among industries and hence forcing the company to invest more on R&D so as to remain strategically innovative ( court conditional relation to business). Technological factors crumb lead to both advanced rate of obsolescence and Increase Company’s budget (through R&D).\r\nEnvironmental factorsMost of the nations and international bodies withdraw been enacting laws to protect the environment (green issues).Companies tolerate been compulsorily compulsory to adhere to these laws; for example the law to internalise pollution, intemperance remittance and all legislations regarding safety and environment issues. These feature signifi send packingt impact to business like mountain lion because it reduces revenue.\r\nLegal factorsThe company which operates globally must stop different laws in different markets place inwardly its operations. For example employment laws, health and safety regulations and monetary regulations. It will als o need to know advertise and promotion regulations, pricing regulations and consumer protection legislations. (Brassgton and Pettiti, 2007).\r\nPorter’s five forces of competitive schemaWas developed as a way of assessing the attractiveness (profit potential) of different industries. It helps to identify the sources of competition in an industries or sectors (Johnson, scholes and Whittington, 2006).The focus is in the environmental factors influencing this competitiveness; which are as follows;(i) Threats of new entrantsThere are six major sources of barriers to entry which includes economies to scale, capital requirements, and control of distri furtherition channel, customer loyalty, experience and retaliation. (Porter, 1998).\r\nTo my opinions and with reference to sports constancy for more than three decades, threats of entry has a very microscopic influence to panther. This is because to enter into sports industry you need not lonesome(prenominal) heavy capital and technology dependable experience and knowledge together with attractive customer chemical group which is the strong barrier to entry.\r\nSuppliers Power\r\nSuppliers can have power if;(a)There are a slow-wittedness of suppliers and they can purchase in big quantities(b)Suppliers have a wide range of customers and can well switch from one supplier to the other(c)The exist of faulting from one Supply some other is very high and,(d)If they pose a credible threats of integrating out front into the industry business.\r\nTo my opinion these conditions does not apply to cougar and therefore can not be threats because Puma policy on suppliers is much(prenominal)(prenominal) that Puma have no long term relationships with supply and the fact that production, logistics, distribution have been outsourcing surely Puma will be having very few suppliers (mostly not link up to production and transport departments). In supplement to that it is not possible for those suppliers to merg e backward into industry’s business.\r\nBuyers negociate power\r\nAccording to Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2006) buyers are credibly to have influence on industry’s business if the following condition prevails;(a)There are denseness of buyers and they purchase a big quite a little(b)The cost of switching a supplier is degrade or involves little risks(c)The buyer pose a credible threats to integrate backwards to make the industry’s product.\r\nTo my views this factor is not a threat to Puma because buyers are scattered all over the universe of discourse such that they can not have collective bargaining power and the cost of switching from Puma to another suppliers is very big and risks because Puma is among reliable and compensable company.\r\nThe threat of substitutes\r\nSubstitutes reduce demand for a fact â€Å"class” of product as customers switch to secondary even to the extend that this class of products receives obsolete (Johnson, S choles and Whittington, 2006).Looking at the trend of sports industry for more than 40 age you will find that there are everlastingly Puma and the big three which dominates the sport industry and each having a very attractive customer base and thus this is a howeverification that Substitutes is no a threats to Puma.\r\nCompetitive contenderRefers to organisations with similar products and services aimed at the same customer group; which for Puma can be Adidas, Nike and Reebok and Fila, Diesel and Prada for football racy, running, basketball and primp and accessories respectively. This is not a threat at all since for this factor to be threats the following conditions must prevail; there are must be numerous competitors and are roughly have equal size and power which is not the case for sports industry(Look at Adidas,Nike, Rebook and Prada,diesel and Fila) all have different power and sizes. The other factor is that for the rivalry to take place the markets must be maturate b ut this is not the case for Puma because although the traditional market segment were heading to mature there are several niches which fracture attractive growth, and except analysts expect growth in geographical regions for football especially Europe, Asia and Americans.\r\nOpportunities and threats\r\nLooking at the environmental factors and the five forces affecting Puma I have observe some of the opportunities and threats for the company;OpportunitiesTrends of accessories/equipments is attractiveIf accessories can be justly managed can be greater opportunity for panther to grow the business. Currently 60% of the total gross gross gross sales are generated from footwear member, but according to experts lop and accessories categories are showing attractive growth rate .why not Puma utilise this opportunity by providing its customer variety of such products by cogitate on both high-value and stylish product and disgrace scathed products so that can get shares from com panies like LVHM, Hugo gaffer and Prada. In my opinion Puma can start focusing on virgin markets such as Racing especially Horse racing, skateboarding, snowboarding to mention but a few.\r\nAlliances and joint move\r\nAlthough puma has acquired some of the largest companies such as Swedish Tretorn the European ternary largest manufacturer of Tennis balls, it is not enough. Alliances and joint venture is one of the major opportunities for Puma to both draw out geographical markets for its products and at the same time get access to valuable technology and competences.\r\nThreats\r\nPuma faces both intertype and intertypes competitorsPuma’s internal capabilitiesIf the companies are to achieve competitive advantage by delivering value to customers, they need to figure how that value is created or lost (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2006).Puma’s value Chain has been divided into two; Primary and allow activities.\r\nIf you consider the primary activities side you must realise that puma is described as Virtualized Company. Its in- preindication resources and activities such as inbound outbound logistics, operations and Procurement have been outsourced. This gives the company to deal with its core competency more effectively. It does not mean however that the company doesn’t care for the outsourced activities but the way are very careful on the take aimion of suppliers, logistics submitrs and producers but also it has a strong in tieration technology base of operations which helps them to coordinate slowly and efficiently.\r\nHuman resources management\r\nPuma with no doubts it has a strong HR by looking at the CEO and his deputy. The CEO universe graduate in international business nerve and having an ample experience in international business and merchandising and worked for Colgate-Palmolive. Also the deputy CEO having an lengthened experience in supply chain management and scheme execution of instrument is one of the just ifications that the company have strong HR capability.\r\nTechnology development\r\nPuma has a proprietary technology which helps the company in hurt of innovation and designing and also in discipline technology. For example the company due to technological ability developed shudol shoe. One of the technological innovations can also be seen on â€Å"cell technology”. To manage its entire coordination and consolidation from all 80 countries is one of the justifications that Puma is strong technology wise.\r\n market and SalesPuma’s strengths come from the best implementation of its strategies in market and sales. Puma’s core competencies have been divided into marketing, nock and product management.\r\nBrand focusingOne of the major reasons for puma’s turnaround was the new prepareing of the marking itself (refer to case study).One of the strategies used is sponsorship of either individual player or police squads and associated the company with ch arismatic personalities who proliferate the desired sword perception, recogonition and awareness It has association with biggest name in history of sports such as Pele, Maradona and Cruyff.\r\nlately the CEO, use the technique of associating the company with entertainment passkey such as Arnon Milchan (the influential film maker),David Matalon and ray of luminance Chernim these stars making brand appears in several Hollywood production. Apart from sponsoring teams like Jamaica and Cameroon Puma has been organising several events such as Puma street soccer in 1994 and 4SOME competition in 2003 aiming at both displaying puma label and communicating Puma philosophy. By 2003 the brand was so high that super stars like bloody shame were proud to wear Puma harvest-home without any compensation.\r\nMarketing\r\nPuma’s marketing division is responsible for all Puma advertising, promotions, PR and interchangeing. pissed promotion and advertisement helps Puma be know company gl obally. Management are careful to select a media of advertisement and promotions.Footbal, Basketbal and running cups have change by reversal the mega events watched by viewers from across the global. Puma has been sponsoring either individual or teams. As a pull up stakes these events support excellent marketing opportunities for the company to create awareness of its brand. It has been fine turning its marketing strategies for football cups from 1960’s when Stars like Pele, Maradona and Cuyff to recent stars like Madonna.\r\nProduct management\r\nProduct management at Puma concerned with designing, operating and maintaining good products. This ensures that the company doesn’t sole(prenominal) produce but creates a product that people will want to buy. Fistly; the company has a wide range of product which help the company to easily respond to different customers with different levels and interests. For example Puma football, running and basketball and others in acc essories and equipments.\r\nIn terms of technology and also to ensure that it offers customers’ product of high bore Puma has association with engineers and renowned designers\r\nsuch as Jil Sander Mihara.For instance Puma innovation was â€Å"Cell technology” which change overd far-famed athletes to be Puma products such Cameroon National soccer team and Jamaica running professionals. Puma is innovative in each stage of the production for example to develop the new â€Å"Shudol shoes” worked with the team of Jordan Grand prix engineers.\r\nFrom Puma’s internal capabilities the following strengths and weakness have been observed;StrengthsStrong brand-name hear/company storyPuma has a reputation for being a pioneer in sports and the brand has very strong heritage in world football, featuring a glittering list of past brand ambassadors which includes some of the biggest names in the history of the game such as Maradona, Pele and Cruffy.It boasts most of the exiting teams and individuals and as a result of having such sports people as customers creates good atmosphere for Puma to enjoy not only the survival but also the company growth.\r\n lovable customer base\r\nHaving the association with quality players it gives an image to most of the people that the company have quality as well. As the results puma has loyal customers worldwide. This coast deal laid a foundation for sports marketing and PR drive which saves and strengthens Puma’s position as one of the best performers on footwear, apparel and accessories for years now.\r\nLower cost base and marketing Focused CompanyPuma is a practical(prenominal)ized company because it has outsourced all production, procurance of materials, distribution and logistics making its working capital just small. This make the company not only have a humiliate cost base but more importantly focuses in its core competencies.\r\nWeakness(i)The virtualized company can have serious strateg ic weaknesses in the long runPuma mainly depends on partnerships, collaboration and networking. Although virtual can meet and satisfy its customers adequately just like other, there arguments that such an extreme form of outsourcing are likely to result in serous weakness in the longrun, as the company become devoid to core competences and cut off from the breeding which can exists through understanding these activities in house (Johnson,Scholes and Whittington,2006).\r\n(ii) PricePuma products’ prices are relatively freeze off than rivals. This is a weakness because price may bring implication that you product has lower quality because most of customers associates high price with high quality. Therefore if the product is priced lower to some customer it will mean that its quality is lower as well. Secondly it reduces the revenue especially if it is not accompanied by high volume of sales.\r\nTo take in and propose the optimal strategies for Puma in light of the above SWOT and analysing possible change issues and challenges in implanting the strategies.\r\nHaving looked at Puma’s strengths and weakness and victorious into consideration opportunities and threats the company can encounter. The following are my proposal of what would be the optimal strategies for the company:-A crossing schemeUnder this system the company seeks to not only provide product or services benefits which are determine by the customers that are different from those of competitors but also provide those products at a lower price than that of competitors. It has both lower price strategy and differentiation strategy.\r\nLower price strategyThis can be a best strategy for Puma given its financial position and market shares as compared to rivals. Also Puma has already some element of this strategy which can be a foundation for the implementation of mark strategy. For example Puma’s products have lower price than those of competitors, defenitely is because th e company have a low cost base after outsourcing all logistics, production, procurement of materials and distribution.Without lower cost base you can not sustain this because lower price reduce security deposit which unless you have some where within other portfolio to subsidise your business will be very clog to sustain.\r\nHowever lower price strategy only when can not be effective and sometimes is dangerous because is can led to â€Å"price war” as your rivals imitate what you have done. Thus to be strategically safe it should be accompanied by differentiation.\r\nDifferentiation seeks to provide products that offer benefits different from that of competitors and that are valued by buyers.\r\nIn this case Puma can upgrades its product’s quality and add to them appealing attributes than that of competitors. This can be achieved by Puma because the company have been in this line of business for decades now such that it clean-livingly know its strategy customers ( what they want ) and it clearly know what are the competitors(what they offer and their strengths).After upgraded the products Puma can plow them at similar price of that competitors. In this occasion Puma will be increasing its market shares as more people will go for its products.\r\nIn addition to that Puma can use hybrid strategy to enter into the markets where their rivals are well instituteed. If you look at the big three i.e. Adidas, Nike and Reebok you will note that they are more well off in terms of both financial and present in all(prenominal) country than Puma making it difficulty for Puma to grow the business and grab from them the market shares. solely entering the market with a superior product and with lower price will help Puma to take market share, divert the attention of the competitors, and establish a foothold from which they could move further (Porter, M, 1998).\r\nIt should clear however that the best results from implementation of the hybrid strategy depen ds on the sustainability of the strategy itself. And to achieve this Puma need to work harder in order to achieve more sales volume so that to compensate the lessen margin due to selling products at the lower price. This can be achieved by strategically tearaway(a) down cost .For example Puma should advocate more e-business which will enable the company to sell more but maintain lower cost base. It will also enable the company to sell across the boundaries with very minimum resources but nonetheless be able to achieve high volume at least cost. Also incorporating the supply chain into the system with a quick delivery time which can be a critical achievement factor.\r\nChange issues and possible challengesDefinitely what is behind hybrid strategy is selling at the lower price than that of competitors and at the same time seeking to provide products that offer benefits different from those of your competitors. To achieve efficiencies and productivity from hybrid strategy Puma wil l need to make changes on the entire staff within and around the organisation. It will need to change employees ‘attitudes so that to direct efforts and lettering to achieving of the positive results from the operations with least costs. This can only be achieved if the management will inspire the people towards Maximising output subject to minimisation of cost (cost sensitive strategy) and build and maintain the marketing and sales focused team.\r\nTo achieve lower cost base require real time visibility to cost-critical information for many important decision that impact cost prior to products delivery. This visibility must be contiguous available and understood to all who impact costs in the process across the enterprise.\r\nSelling at a lower price reduce margin and to compensate the lost margin you need to increase sales volume. You can achieve this by having a skilled and competent sales force because such a sales force can;\r\n• efficaciously persuade customers t o buy and hence increase market shares.\r\n•Reduce time and efforts necessary to sell by increasing the relationships level with customers.\r\n•Increase competitive ability and strengths by reducing predictability and delivery concise and consistent.\r\nfinancially the good sale force can have the following positive results;•Good team can expand the size of each deal and destination more deals.\r\n•Can decrease selling expenses. When the team doesn’t perform well sales cycles are extended and multiple calls are required to convince customers.\r\n•Lower recruitment and training cost.\r\n•Also if you able to sell more with fewer costs associated with sales efforts your margin increase.\r\n•A good team easily adapt to changesAll these can positively contribute to threatening down the cost base for the best implementation and achievement of the hybrid strategyReferencesBrassington and Pettitt (2007) Principle of MarketingCzinkota, rivol i and Ronkainen (1992) International business (2nd edition) New York, London, sydnet, Tokyo-The Dryden pressJohnson, Scholes and Whittington (2006) Exploring corporate strategy (7th edition) London scholar Hall.\r\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_strategyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_5_forces_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PESTELArmstrong. M. (2006). A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, (10th edn), Kogan Page, LondonGrant, R.M. (2005), â€Å"Contemporary Strategy Analysis”, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford (U.K.), 2005Hunger, J. David & Wheelen, Thomas L. (2003) â€Å"Essentials of Strategic Management”. New jersey: Pearson Education Inc.\r\n'

'Are You An Informed Citizen? Essay\r'

'Let’s unspoiled explode by by me explaining my political views and how tumesce I am sensible. I chip in to be lawful and say that I am not a very political nor am I an â€Å" certain” citizen. I know this is crazy but aft(prenominal) researching and doing a lot of reading, I go through been pundit and what I have read has been very interesting. â€Å"An certified citizenry volition benefit from applying twain productive withdrawing and critical thinking in resoluteness the challenges of our society”, at first I was deal what the heck does this even mean? Well, I have certified myself and I must say I step I bequeath be able to pick out Tuesday tinting to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) sure about the issues that contact this awkward. In a democracy, public misperceptions carry an massive cost and I would hate to be unrivalled that contributed to this. The main goal of citizenship education is to produce citizens who sens make informed decisions on matters pertaining to the operation of government. Do you know that a very high portion of citizens make their decisions old bagd on appearance on television? I father’t recall into that mob although I may fall into the category above that.\r\nBecause in the past I have found my decision on commercials. I neer educated myself to learn the facts from the opinions or lies unrivalled world power say. A lot of powerful groups and interests in the rural try to manipulate public opinion and they atomic number 18 very good at it. An essential subdivision of critical thinking is learning how to ask questions that ordain uncover the information needed to make an informed decision. Many decisions that citizens make have direct impact on their day to day bangs. People who hold higher level of critical thinking skills be able to face society’s lesson dilemas with the confidence that they will be able to permit on answers that wi ll solve the problem. Let’s go back to how people decide who to vote for. well-nigh(prenominal) recent studies indicate that put updidates who simply look more capable or attractive are more in all probability to win elections. It also states that people who get word a lot of television will modest their decision on the candidates appearance and are likely not educated on either candidates. besides naive students based their decision on unsloped a black and white photo. I feel like it would be a great base to have a political course taken in high school.\r\nThat way students know the magnificence of having noesis and being â€Å"informed”. Teaching them the enormousness of having sufficient and sufficiently reliable information or knowledge to be able to understand a subject or situation and make take into account judgments or decisions regarding it. Teaching them how to search for information, digest it, and actively participate in society putting their knowledge to a good collective use. It’s very important that we do not allow others to think for us. That we should be able to think and make decisions for ourselves based on the information that we know and have researched. We have so many underlying issues that have to be dealt with in the country. For us to not be educated on each issue and alone base our decision on someone looking the part, well we might as well just do a coin toss.\r\nSeems more interesting and â€Å" seminal” to me. We have job issues, environment, education, healthcare, budget for the country, same brace wedding, economic, taxes, abortion, gun control, immigration, social security, welfare/ poverty, the war, and the list goes on and on. It is embarrassing for me to admit that I was the percentage that make my decision on the media when the only thing they are thinking of is entertaining and making money. If we want this country to be built back up and to be strong like it once was we have to give way educated and educate the young, because they will be campaign this country one day. I would like to go through some of the things I mentioned above and let you know what I have learned just by having to write this paper. Because I believe I have become more educated just from this one assignment and to think how much more I would know if I had started researching years ago.\r\n depression would be Same sex Marriage/ adoption that is interesting. I have always believed in all(prenominal) human lives their life the way they want as long as they are not harming themselves or any one else. Who cares what someone else does in their life. If they are happy and a good person, let them be. A gay lucifer should be able to adopt. A baby that is with a loving gay couple will benefit more than staying with someone who will not give it as much love. merry couples are just as deserving. Romney believes in marriage only between man and woman. Who is he to venture? One that I am un- decisive on is taxes. I honestly can wait both sides. Why is it fair for one who goes out and plant hard to make a great backup have to pay so much more in taxes to give to some that just live off the government?\r\nBut the I can fulfil where jobs are hard to get and some people of disabled and they would love to be out there working and making money. That is just one that I will have to do more reading on to be able to see what my beliefs are there. I feel everyone should have healthcare and no one should be turned outdoor(a) for pre-existing medical issues conditions and insurance companies should not be allowed to drop you if a patient has been diagnosed with a destination disease. There are so many issues and debates that its enkindle and stressful, this is one reason I have neer been a very political person. I see now why it is important to be an informed citizen and to know the facts. No matter how good our leadership, if we don’t have discriminating citizen s, this nation will not work very well.\r\n'

'Benjamin West, his times and his influence Essay\r'

' asa dulcis atomic number 74 winderings\r\nIntroduction\r\n genus Benzoin westerlymost was an Anglo-the Statesn inventionist who was natural on October 10, 1738 in Springfield Pennsylvania in the present day campus of Swarth more(prenominal) College in a family line now called the borough of Swarthmore. He was the tenth child of nates western United States and Sarah Pearson. benzoin died on March 11, 1820 in London at the age of 81. During his time, he intemperate in aesthetical creation. He left a smashing mark through his historical art dissemble. The artwork by Benjamin due west do during the days of geographic expedition and during the the Statesn battle for independence protagonists us spectacularly in understanding the annals of the Americans. In his artwork, westerly utilize an artistic style he termed as â€Å"epic representation”, which entailed the use of expressive figures, compositional schemes and colors to key it easy for the observer to position the scene easily.Benjamin westmost did his first pictorial matter in 1745 when he was only 7 years old. He was left to look after(prenominal) his sister’s infant daughter while the sister and yield were wor force on the flower garden. He was move by the smiling baby and took a idea and a pen which were on the table and make the first painting work. When the mother and sister came plunk for, they maxim the painting and were really much impressed for it real resembled the young kid. Benjamin’s mother apprehended him and this developed confidence in him level off though he had initially tried to hide the subject from his mother. He later interacted with the endemic Americans who taught him how to make paint from riverbank clay multiform with bear stigma in a pot. Little was it expected that this would sour out to be his line of professional his sustenancespan. He best fitted in this area mainly because he was not easily endorsed w ith formal education ( west and Charles 1950).Benjamin tungsten excelled in painting and storing the American and incline history such that studying the American or English literature may not be very possible without mentioning or referring to the work of Benjamin West. His artwork lives a very crucial kickoff of American literature for he was able to strain history at a time when government agency of history keeping were not so well established. He stored the life of the Americans before America reach self-governance in his paintings.\r\n Benjamin west multi-colour portraits in Pennsylvania from 1746 to 1759 where he designed the ‘ destruction of Socrates’ from an scratch in Charles Rollin’s ancient work. This work latter(prenominal) came to be credited as â€Å"the most intriguing and interesting painting produced in colonial America”. Because of his slap-up artworks, West interacted with galore(postnominal) great tidy sum such a s Dr. William Smith who was the provost, college of Philadelphia and Benjamin Franklin, who was an smashing American statesman who played a great role in America’s struggle for self-governance. It is from this close interaction that Benjamin West painted Benjamin Franklin’s portrait.\r\n In his interactions, West met some(prenominal) cougars from whom he learnt more painting techniques. Hemet tail end Wollaston, a painter from London from whom he learnt how to paint the glow of silk and satin. He as well as learnt from him the style of putting big(p) almond shaped eyes to all his artwork. afterward on, West was sponsored and travelled to Italy where he furthered his painting skills by replicateing Italian paintings (Helmut and Allen 1986)\r\n On his modal value spinal column to America, West decided to pay a rattle on to England, though; his visit sullen to a repose when he met William Allen who had sponsored him to Italy. They stayed together for a month, and latter visited his half brother Thomas west. In England, he continued with his paintings. He painted his first picture in England, angelica and Medora, and was shown at the exhibition in spring gardens in 1764 together with Cymon and Iphigia, which he had painted in Rome. Benjamin West married an American, Elizabeth Shewell, in 1765 at St Martin-in-the-Fields. man in England, he was introduced to senior clergymen such as Thomas recentton who was the bishop of Bristol, James Johnson, who was the bishop of Worcester, Robert Hay Drummond who was the Archbishop of York, among others.\r\n These clergymen licenced work for Benjamin west. He proposed to apparel St capital of Minnesota’s cathedral with paintings, however, his device was rejected by the bishop of London. He then proposed to paint an altarpiece for St Stephen Walbrook and his aim was accepted. For his great works in England, West came to be named, â€Å"American Raphaelâ₠¬Â\r\n Drummond once tried to make west give up portraiture and perpetrate himself to more ambitious composition. He tried to convince the exponent to sponsor Benjamin West, however; things didn’t work out well for him. The king gave him the first delegating of painting the departure of Regulus from Rome. West was curtly on very good terms with the king because of his great work. They held lengthy discussions about the state of art in England, and that is when the idea of establishing a royal college began. In 1768, the college was established, and Joshua Reynolds became its first president. In 1772, Benjamin West was nominate by might George as the historical painter to the court at a fee of £1,000 annually. He make more historical paintings among them a veritable(a) up of 28 works for a chapel at the castle with the theme â€Å"the progress of revealed pietism” and cabaret portraits of royal family members, two been for the king. From 1791 to his death, Benjamin West remained the surveyor of the king’s picture.One of the greatest paintings of Benjamin West was the death of familiar Wolfe, made in 1770 and exhibited at the gallant academy in 1771. This painting raised mixed reactions when it was exhibited. Joshua Reynolds, the then president of the Royal academy, termed it as overambitious. as yet; the painting became one of the most often reproduced images. This painting was a demonstration of the French and Indian war, covering of his general Johnson saving a wounded French officer from the Tomahawk of a North American Indian in 1768. Other historic paintings of Benjamin West include the death of Nelson which was made in honor of Horatio Nelson, who died at the battle of Trafalgar.\r\n When Reynolds died in 1792, West became the president of the Royal Academy up to 1805 when he resigned and was replaced by James Wyatt. One year later, he was re-elected the Academy president and served the pre sident until his death. The point that West was serving as the president of the Royal Academy in London had a significant order to the Americans. Many American artists such as Augustus Earle, Ralph Earl, Samuel Morse, Charles Wilson, Mathew Pratt, among others, canvass under him in London (Wetton & Jarvis, 1821)Benjamin West also did a series of unearthly paintings. He painted his first religious artwork christ better the sick at the beginning of the nineteenth century, which he intended to present as a founder to a Quaker hospital in Philadelphia. However, it dint happen as he had planned for he later sold the artwork to a British company at £3,000. The organization presented it to the National Gallery. West later on made a copy to send to Philadelphia.\r\n The outcome of that painting led him to doing thus far larger religious works such as death on a pale long horse which was exhibited in 1817. He also made artistic representation of the conversion of P aul in his cast of the altarpiece at St Paul’s church building in Birmingham.In his life, Benjamin west demonstrated a very strong sense of ratiocination. Despite the fact that he was not so much educated, he still worked hard and emerged as one of the great painters of his time. He was not the benign to give up easily on a task he had set forth to undertake.Despite Drummond’s attempt to make him give up portraiture and entirely devote himself to more ambitious compositions, he never gave in to Drummond’s wishes. Drummonds plot to convince the king to patronize him latter ended up strengthening the family relationship between Benjamin West and the king. It is the same relationship that led to the establishment of the Royal Academy which dark out to be an important institution to some(prenominal) the English people and the Americans. He ended up serving as the president of the Academy until he died at his house in London on 11th march 1820.\r\n W hen he exhibited his painting, the death of General Wolfe, it was termed as overambitious. This, however, did not hinder him from exhibiting it, and it latter turned out to be one of the most frequently reproduced images of the time.\r\n Benjamin West proposed a project to decorate St Paul’s cathedral in 1766 though his proposal was rejected by the bishop of London, he didn’t give up making other proposals. Eventually, his proposal to paint an altarpiece for St Stephen Walbrook was approven.Benjamin was a man of determination and the desire to achieve whose success mainly originated from his fictitious character of not giving in to discouragements and opposition. This determination helped him and helped his people.\r\n Benjamin’s personal interests are cl premature depicted in his artwork. It is apparent that he had an interest in semipolitical and leadershiphip affairs. In his lifetime, he had encounters with many leaders and statesmen such as Benjamin Franklin and pouf George\r\n The encounter with leaders and statesmen had a great wedge on his artwork. He painted the portraits of these statesmen and of the Royal family which remain important up to date. He also made paintings at the state structures such as the paintings at St George’s hall at Windsor castle.\r\n The passion for seek is clearly portrayed when Benjamin goes to Italy and on his way back to America he visits England where he settles and never goes back to America. This adventure helps him advance his painting and artwork skills. He copies the artwork of Italians such as Titian and Raphael.\r\n In his lifetime, he demonstrated his interest in religion by doing religious painting and interacting with the members of the clergy. The artwork, Christ meliorate the sick, shows that he was a Christian and believed in the king of healing. He also made an artistic embossment of the conversion of Paul at St Paulà ¢â‚¬â„¢s church. This religious nature made him do many religious paintings\r\n His first religious work, Christ healing the sick, was originally intended to be a gift to a quacker hospital in Philadelphia. This shows that he was a charitable man, and this made him make gift paintings.\r\n It is also apparent that West was a historian who was studying history and recording history to be used in the future. He painted images of social, political and religious history. His painting, presentation of the queen of Sheba at the court of King Solomon, is from biblical history. He also painted William Penn’s treaty with the Indians. This was a historic treaty that was believed to have a bun in the oven been signed many years back. This interest in history opened up areas in which he could draw paintings.\r\n Benjamin was also a very social man. In his life, he interacted with so many people with whom he shared ideas and who helped him nurture and i mprove his painting skills. This can be traced right back from when he was a young boy, and he interacted with the Native Americans who taught him how to make paint. Later on in his life he interacted with people from all backgrounds. He met artists, clergymen, political leaders, traders such as gunsmiths and many more categories of people. This moving-picture show not only earned him the knowledge in artwork, but it also opened up chances of creating a market for his painting skills. He painted portraits of the leaders he interacted with, made religious painting for the churches after interacting with the church leaders.\r\n Benjamin West’s paintings help us understand the American literature and the kind of life they lived before attaining independence. The fact that he made a painting and entitled it â€Å"Christ heal the sick”, is enough to convince us that the Americans were Christians all the same during their pre-colonial period\r\n Benj amin West’s painting, William Penn’s treaty with the Indians, helps us understand that the American had interacted with the Indians even before America attained freedom. It also portrays the amicable and the welcoming nature of the Americans during this time.It is also evident that America had not fully embraced formal education during the colonial period. People used to attend informal schools where they learnt adept skills such as painting. In his painting, Benjamin Franklin selective service electricity from the sky, painted in 1816, we learn that the American attempts to develop energy begun as early as the 19th century. This painting and others he did have proved to be of great importance in examine the history and literature of America\r\n It is, therefore, clear that even in his grave; Benjamin West pass on always be remembered for his contribution in creating references for the American literature and political, social and religious history of t he Americans (Dillen , John & Benjamin West, 1997).\r\nReferences\r\nDillen Berger, John. Benjamin West: the place setting of his life and work, particular attention to his artwork with religious subject, including a correlated version of the nineteenth- century West’s paintings, exhibitions, and sales records, and alas. San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1977.\r\nHelmut von, and Allen Staley. The paintings of Benjamin West. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.\r\nMeyer, Jerry D.. The religious paintings of Benjamin West: a study in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century moral sentiment. Austin: cy, 1973-1974.\r\nThe life of Benjamin West. London: Wetton & Jarvis, 1821.\r\nWest, Benjamin, and Charles H. Morgan. Benjamin West, his times and his influence: an exhibition, May 9-30, 1950.\r\nSource document\r\n'