Conventional Cost Allocation Systems versus Activity Based Cost Essay - 2

stodgy Cost Allocation Systems versus Activity Based Cost Systems - Essay ExampleQuite a tally prefer the ABC placements over the traditional cost allocation systems.One issue that has been pointed out when equivalence the cost systems is the accuracy. Martin (59) argues that the ABC systems are much accurate than the conventional system. The information that is delivered through this system is to a greater extent precise and can help the management in decision-making. This means for effective use of this system thither should a combination of the internal decision making with the external reporting system (Kaplan 58). The fact that in that respect are no details that are assumed by the ABC system according to her proposition.In support of the conventional systems, the issue of efficiency and effectiveness arises. While the ABC system is efficient it provides so many details that are not necessary for the day-to-day running of the product line (Cooper and Robert 1). These deta ils store to make a huge workload that is unnecessary. On the other hand, the conventional systems provide only the demand details. The facts that stockholders, as well as creditors, have no interest in knowing the product that generates more profit neither the customers. However, the ABC system can be advantageous over the conventional system because it does not assume any detail hence there are high chances of increasing favorableness due to the well-kept inventory (Cugini and Oilonato 127).Another issue raised is the ability of ABC systems to increase the alliances competitiveness. Some of the opponents of ABC systems have argued that ABC systems are not the only solution that faces the business world. The argument has been, there is the need for the systems to be complementary instead of having to compete (Martin 70). He proceeds on to argue that despite the accuracy in costs that comes with the system, the issue that should be addressed to increase the orders profitability is a change in processes.

Navigating the Legislative Process in Analysis Autism as a Mental Research Paper

Navigating the Legislative Process in Analysis Autism as a Mental Disorder - research Paper Example This is to say that if the different legislative houses are controlled by different parties then it would affect time and patience for any meaningful progress to be made. Similarly, it also requires that relationships and a good reverberance are created before any meaningful progress is made. It also requires that one understands and respects the system because it is altogether through due diligence that the end result would be realized, and that is good legislative outcome or laws.This stems from the fact that autism is a lifelong disturb which has been subjected to misconceptions and stereotypes. As much as it is a pervasive disorder which affects the development of speech, movement and other functions of the body, autism is manageable and controllable. Thus, people with autism may jut out from uncoordinated speech, movement and suffer a short memory span, if proper actions are taken accordingly. Conventionally, misconceptions and half-truth have always clouded the unharmed notion of autism thus hindering any genuine attempts to address autism holistically.The legislative process in its simplest verbalism influences the legislators because it allows them to confine their reasonings and arguments within due process. This stems from the fact that there is acrimony in the legislative houses because different legislators represent different parties, interests, and parties (Steuernagel, 2005). Thus, it is the irreducible minimum that each and every law is subjected under a thorough scrutiny before it is passed. This would only occur through patience and when the house would have conferred on the aptness of the laws. Thus, it requires the legislators to be patient and comply with the due process of law.

Does the development of technology determine the form and social Essay

Does the development of technology determine the form and social greatness of boob tube receiver Refer to at least two theorists in your answer - Essay ExampleStudies have revealed that the television is increasingly taking a backseat to the cell phone and the personal computer especially amongst consumers aged 18 to 34 years. This decline of television can be explained by various theories, two of which atomic number 18 Christensens theory of disruptive innovation and the theory of functional displacement. A disruptive technology refers to the radical innovations in existing systems or practices such that it drastically transforms the market, creates entirely unsanded markets or destroys the current markets for other technologies, which, in the case of television, turned out to be the internet. On the other hand, the functional displacement theory states that when the functions of a particular pre-existing medium are overtaken by a newer medium, the older medium tends to maintai n its linear perspective by finding new functions. This paper, throws light the impact of technology on the form and social importance of television by discussing all of the above mentioned themes in detail.In the modern era of innovation and globalization, with fall distances and integrated economies, the world of technology is in an imminent perilous state. Technology is the formation of new ideas, products or tools that extend our natural abilities and bring about changes in our social environment. Technology is completely responsible for how structure our civilization has become. Modern technology has not just influenced the industrial and corporate world but to a fault has a great impact on our personal lives.Many of the everyday items we use nowadays are a result of technology. These technological advancements have brought about improvements in our health, the clothes we wear, the way we travel and lapse and hence, revolutionized the way we live. In this fast growing world of technology, people are continuously looking for new and innovative ways of communication. Before

Introduction to Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction to Entrepreneurship - try out ExampleHe or she does so with the drive to get profits, but they must also be b overaged enough to bear the risks that go with doing backup. An entrepreneur may have employees or may last independently. What inspires me to Learn from Successful Entrepreneurs? What inspires me to learn from successful entrepreneurs is the qualities they posses that makes them successful. Their characteristics include creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership, passion, ego-confidence, and smarts (U.S. Department of State/Bureau of International schooling Programs, 2012, p. 2). Creativity this is the driving force behind invention of impertinently products or creating new ways to do business. Successful entrepreneurs possess this quality and by looking at what they did you can come up with your feature invention or improve on what they did. Sisamos, the admiter of Engino.net Ltd, says that the beauty of being an entrepreneur is tha t you create your own destiny (European Commission, 2009, p. 55). Dedication It is what makes the entrepreneurs to work hard. Looking at successful entrepreneurs, they are always working. They created a new idea and they have to make it work. Looking at their lives, you can gauge yourself if you are ready for the undertaking. intention this is the inbuilt desire of an entrepreneur to succeed. He or she is not discouraged by failure and persistently keeps trying until he or she succeeds. Learning from them is of great value because it encourages one not to give up in the business undertaking. Flexibility this is the ability to respond to the changing market trends. Learning from the lives of successful entrepreneurs, you leave alone find that some of them at one time had to change products/ services or introduce new products /services. Their success story prepares you for any eventuality when starting a business and to be prepared for change. furore successful entrepreneurs have t he ability to convince others about their vision. They are focused, and it is important to look at their plans in order to become a successful entrepreneur. Self-confidence successful entrepreneurs believe in themselves. They plan soundly to reduce uncertainty and risk. They listen but they are not easily swayed. This is a character that is admirable among the entrepreneurs. Smarts this is a combination of common sense, knowledge, and experience in a similar or related business undertaking. The main contributors of smarts are employment, skills, and education. We can learn a lot from the smarts of various successful entrepreneurs. To me, entrepreneurship is a commingle of many elements however, one has to be inventive in order to venture into this field he or she has to do a thorough market study to see what lacks in the society and come up with an economic activity that will help close that gap. An entrepreneur is majorly a creator and also a destroyer by creating a new way to do things one may render old methods obsolete. He or she would have helped one group while rendered another group jobless. Biography of Anita Roddick In this biography, I am going to look into the life of Anita Roddick and single out the entrepreneurship characteristics in her. These characteristics include creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership, passion, self confidence, and smarts. Anita Roddick was born in Littlehampton in 1942 (Bio, 2012). Her

Chinese Judiciary Achievements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Chinese Judiciary Achievements - Essay ExampleDespite this strides made, china is still away from achieving a wholly independent terrace. This has been enhanced through enormous re-education and community attitude changes are encouraged. Achievements Chinese judiciary in the past thirty years has been successful in its quest for formalization and institutionalization. The areas include merely not limited to taking strides towards regulating acts of administrative laws. The important roles played by administrative code toward effective legal regulation of government legislative practices are crucial for any legal system. legislative law of the peoples republic of china for instance, has ensured a basic legal framework for managing acts of administrative law (Chinas judicial system and its reform, 2010)1. For this to be realized, Chinese government issued the ordinance regarding the procedures for the formation of administrative operate on and the provisions on the guide for makin g administrative rules. This was a sign of institutionalization and formalization at the judiciary. killing up administrative rules, repeatedly standardization acts of government legislation (Cai, 2001)2. ... clarity and coherence in law-abiding standards, and in its way to realizing progress in the law establish government, it has initiated several cleanups aiming at government legislation particularly those related to duties and rights of administrative areas. This initiative by the Chinese government to cleanup rules, regulations and normative documents chip in helped with the enactment of law-based government. Building of administrative penalisation system and guarding individual procedural rights. An administrative penalty refers to authorizations passed on individual, legal persons and organizations found to have violated administrative directions. Such penalties help in effective steering of communal affairs, enactment of administrative objective and disciplining person found with the offense of breaching administrative law standards or derail administrative goals and avoid illegal habit. China is among the few states to have an official administrative penalty law (Cai, 2001)3. In the year 1996, the Administrative Penalty Law established the legal ideologies and processes for legal and crystalise penalties and putting public opinion into consideration. It became useful during the incorporation of administrative penalty actions of administrative structures into a straight framework. Through this, unjust penalties which were common in the early 1990s were stopped efficiently. Issuance of public bail law and promotion of domestic based administration has seen improvement in areas such as legislative theory, important principles, and the sorts of punishments that are appropriate for public security management, punishment processes and supervision of law enactment. This is a observation of the progress made so far by the Chinese government towards r ealizing a law based state and it

Risk Assessment Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk Assessment Report - Assignment Example(2010). This assessment report discusses some of the risks and vulnerabilities associated with transferee aegis Administration (TSA), the nature of the risks as well as their potential mitigations. One of the main risks that be menstruationly facing TSA is the vulnerability of the organizations resource allocation process. This is particularly because TSA an means has not been providing proper reenforcement that indicates how they develop their budget justifications based on risk analysis to justify or prioritize activities. For example, although the current assessment activities at TSA have independently addressed various individual risk components such(prenominal) as vulnerabilities and threats, they have failed to combine the main components of risk and develop a readable risk assessment as always required by the NIPP. mainly NIPP requires that credible risk assessments in organizations should not only be documented but must also i nclude the three main components of risks so that they can in effect be used to support the processes of resource prioritization, planning and risk assessment at the national level. other potential risk facing Transportation security administration (TSA) is the insider activities that may compromise the security of the agencys sensitive information and data. This is attributed to the fact the TSA often depends on sensitive information regarding transport and security to meet some of its objectives. As an organization charged with the duty of providing effective and efficient security for passengers and cargo transportation, TSA has its own predicament concerning goods and passengers security. Unsecured website has been a damning discovery on the company as clients face-to-face information is exposed to identity theft. In December 2009, an employee working with the TSA posted a sensitive manual(a) titled screening management SOP on confidential airport showing plan to a URL on th e FedBizOpps website. This manual was first exposed but taken down though the break away raised eyebrows with questions arising on the security practices being compromised. Five TSA employees were thus placed on forced open over the scandal. According to many analysts, another critical risk that of the organization faces is risk of destruction of its infrastructure and air craft hijacking. Destruction of the airline and rail infrastructure is a risk as such distraction from by vandalizes and terrorists can result to major loss and paralyze the whole transport sector. highjack of either highway motorists or aircraft on the other hand by terrorists or other criminals poses a major risk. This does only result to the loss of life but also a major economical loss. Another risk is that of highway hijackings as well as threat to security of the public (Hutto, 2009). Generally such risks often involves outcome of a given cause that has a likelihood of resulting to destruction. Transpor tation bail Administration is one of such agency that is charged with the responsibility of ensuring security of the travelling public. By rectitude of its operations is likely to be affected negatively by any risk.

Econ Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Econ Assignment - Essay ExampleThis article states example of China, India etc where the local posit has grown steadily and to a vast amount-as pointed out by a orbiculate strategist Andrew Milligan, who believes that these changes whitethorn be sufficient enough to outset the negative repercussions of the US economy.Some economies are recovering on the belief pointed above. China is being touted as the next Dynamo while the emerging economies are being firmly focused on as being the next to replace the US. They hold a quarter of the fields GDP-same as the US. However, despite all the positive notes going around-there is still skepticism over whether the US can be actually replaced by these economies.Another important thing that has to be noted is the quote crunch-the recent downfall in the global economy has been due to the credit tightening activities which are not in sync with the infrastructure development and demand for energy and commodities-cause of the emerging markets s uccess.If nonpareil was to analyze the global scenario, it could be seen that there are two economies which are primarily responsible for either producing or eat most of the worlds products and services. One is the Asian jumbo China and the other is the eternal giant the United States of America. However, both show a very different picture as while hotshot has been amassing increasingly large sized account deficits, the other has been increasing its expenditures in order to increase its real account surpluses.In the present times, it can be seen that the US economy has suffered intensely due to its collapsing rakehell markets, decreasing consumer demand, falling housing sector, auto sector, and decreasing durable goods consumption which all resulted in one of the worse recessions which the US economy has ever suffered. This time the usual economy savers are also not in a position

Ulster Solemn League and Covenant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ulster imposing group discussion and Covenant - analyze ExampleThe Ulster unionists in 1912 believed that their situation was difficult although not completely lost. The leading Ulster unionists came to the conclusion that the Solemn League and Covenant and then the Ulster Volunteer Force were essential elements of preventing fireside Rule leading to an independent Irish Republic dominated by Roman Catholics, their worst nightmare come true.1The drawing - up of the Solemn League and Covenant amply demonstrated the general fear of the Ulster Protestants towards the Home Rule Act as passed by the British Parliament would be introduced throughout Ireland in 1912. The act was designed to provide Ireland with a high degree of autonomy, the Ulster unionists fearing it would sooner rather than later make Ireland an independent nation.2The Ulster unionists did not want the granting of theme rule for Ulster even if it was given to the rest of Ireland, as they wished to maintain their all egiance to the British crown. On the 28 September 1912, quickly dubbed Ulster Day, the solemn league and covenant was signed by more than 450,000 unionist supporters on the first day. The covenant publicly declared the Ulster unionist determination to stay loyal to the Crown and vehemently opposed the enforcement of home rule for Ireland as a whole.3The Home Rule Act was primarily think to give an Irish Parliament control oer its internal affairs only leaving it part of the join Kingdom. It would give the Irish autonomy whilst leaving defence, occupation, and foreign to be run from London. The province of Ulster was made up of nine counties in the north-eastern part of Ireland with a Protestant majority. Another major factor was that Ulster had maintained its trade superiority over the rest of the Ireland. The unionists therefore, argued that Ulster needed to maintain its British and Protestant identity and the best room to do so were to remain loyal to the crown (the unionists are also refereed to as Loyalists). The moderate Irish nationalist leader was John Redmond the strongest advocate of Home Rule, and naturally enough argued that Ulster was included in Home Rule so that its heavy industry and generally successful commercial activities particularly in capital of Northern Ireland could be shared with the rest of Ireland. The Roman Catholics, who formed a majority of the Irish peoples, supported the autonomy that Home Rule would have granted them. Only a very small minority of Irish Roman Catholics supported the concept of a united Irish Republic completely free of British control and influence.4 The introduction of the Ulster Covenant, masterminded by Sir James Craig was subsequently signed by the vast majority of unionists they openly proclaimed their loyalty to the crown and were assisted by the Conservatives who worked behind the scenes to block or at least water down Home Rule legislation. The controversy over David Lloyd Georges Peoples Budget of 1909 had the unforeseen consequence of unwittingly delaying the legislation for Irish Home Rule whilst the Parliament Act was passed to curb the power of the House of Lords. The crisis over the Peoples Budget gave the opponents of Home Rule in Ulster particular the opportunity as well as the while to organise resistance to its adoption. They were helped considerably by the Conservativ

Court case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Court grammatical case - Essay ExampleOn 26th October 2010 the accused was arrested over again and jailed on several charges, namely Grand Larceny on the 2nd and 8th of June, gaolbreak and entering with aspiration on 8th June, credit card theft on 22nd January and pass of stolen property on 18th June. Pre-sentence report was ordered on 12th November. Evidence for the preceding charges was submitted on 14th December and a true bill was issued by the Grand Jury.A review of all(prenominal) the charges and the case was make on 21st December and a trial was scheduled for 22nd February 2011. The case was postponed again and set on 28th March. The judicial body deciding on the case was the County tour Court Criminal Division. The accused was facing 30 years for 7 counts of grand larceny, 2 counts of response of stolen property, 1 count of credit card theft and 1 count of breaking and entering with intent to commit other misdemeanors. On top of this, the accused was already serving pr obation for driving under influence. impeach was ordered to pay restitution in the amount of $29,328.15. Due to the number of evidence and witnesses, the accused assert guilty. Consequently, the sentence was reduced to 2 years and 8 months with supervised probation for 5 years succeeding trouble from prison. Because the accused had committed the same crime several times, it is the victims opinion that the offender did not deserve the exculpation bargain and subsequent reduction in prison term.Although I do not share the victims flavour of unfairness, I found a couple of things surprising. First is the offer for plea bargain. The accused committed seven-spot (7) similar offenses in a span of six (6) months. Obviously, any feeling of remorse is doubtful as he seems to jump into one offense after another. Leniency in prison term does not seem to be appropriate.Secondly, I wonder about the chronological aspect of the arrests made. The first arrest was made for offenses on 15th Marc h, 18th

Blue Star Building the Apps Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blue booster Building the Apps - Case Study ExampleThe major challenge for Blue Star was the fact that each single partners of it used different software and therefore the information was stored in different formats. In post to, deal with such situation the company required software that was capable of accepting and treating inputs that were in different formats so that usable information can be obtained. However, Tom Keen who is the CTO of the company did non get any useful off-the-self software that can meet this requirement of the company and hence the decisiveness of developing proprietary software was made. Q.2) The main advantage that the open source software provided to the development process was the stability that Tom Keen was looking for. Open source software makes the bugs well documented and hence it is possible to easily avoid them. However, in case of commercial software source codes cannot be accessed and as a result users cannot get to know about the bugs. As f ar as SOA is concerned it allowed the developers to commute the software in such a way so that the new requirements that arise due to alteration in the market can be fulfilled. Critical Thinking Questions Q.1) I completely agree with the mess of Tom Keen regarding the fact that bugs can be managed in a better way in case of open source software as compared to commercial software. ... Q.2) Both quantitative and qualitative information are stored in the database. They are organized by the use of business intelligence tools and data minelaying tools that are widely used in the business organizations. Critical Questions Q.1) Manipulation of business data and economic consumption of Genographic data are similar in the sense that arrangement and maintenance of both of them involve same business intelligence tools and data mining tools. Q.2) The special DBMS developed by national geographic can assist researchers from different areas. For instance, researchers can identify various interesting psychological trends of the individuals who have registered themselves with National Geographic to know their origin. Information regarding the lifestyle of the previous generations can also be obtained by analyzing the Genographic data. The data of the above mentioned DBMS can be shared when the DBMS is made for multiple users. In otherwise words, more than one user must be allowed to access the data of the DBMS for making them

Video assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

pictorial matter assignment - Essay ExampleFrom the film, the United States is brought out as one of the most individualisticic parliamentary law in the world. They tend to put more emphasis on individual achievement, equal rights, informal conference as well as little dependence on authority. The US employees are seen consulting with each different frequently and sharing information openly. They are also extremely comfortable interacting with people they dont even know, and they arent shy doing so. On the other hand, the Nipponese managers are more of collectivists. They seem to value harmony and loyalty to both the group and company.The movie successfully brought to light the clash between individualist and collectivist cultures in the most beautiful way. For instance, the Japanese workers performed their duties without complaint and a lower salary and higher(prenominal) intersection rate consistently. On the other hand, the American auto workers depicted less loyalty to t he company compared to the Japanese employees. This is evident when Stevenson (role played by Keaton) tried to convince his American workforce to meet the 15000 production quota. Rather than make concessions to accomplish the company goals like their Japanese counterparts had, the US plant employees immediately started talk of the town themselves out of achieving the goal and further looking for ways to lower the quota. In the beginning, Stevenson thinks that he can astonish them to push the quota nevertheless. However, he discovered that in the absence of the same level of loyalty, the American workers werent as motivated and driven to make the set goal a reality. Quick advancement and pay off calculate to be the norm in America and is usually based on merit.On the other hand, Japanese culture values dedication and long service are always punished. The expectation of rapid reward by the Americans is depicted in the movie when the plant employees ask if they will receive a rewa rd even if they dont meet the production quota. This means that they

Is human genome editing inevitable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is human genome redact inevitable - Essay ExampleHowever, there have been worldwide debates regarding the ethical and legal aspects of human genome edit. So, this treatment is about the new molecular technique of CRISPRs, analyzing its present hype, benefits, and risks behind it. Moreover, the discussion traces critical perspectives of human genome editing and possibilities of this inevitable science in future. The analysis also justifies the ethical process and critically examines opinions of others on these emotive issues.In the past few decades, genome editing methods have been successfully experimented on animals and in the field of agriculture. In that direction, recent advancements have increased the possibilities of experimentation with human genomes. However, the inefficiency of the previous methods and lack of specificity raises doubts, with many sections terming it as foreign and unsafe for humans. Of late, the latest weapon added to the armory of human genome editing i s a technique called Crispr-Cas9. The main ground for this technique to receive universal acclaim is that, unlike the previous methods, it is possible for scientists to insert, modify, or delete desoxyribonucleic acid with unprecedented precision, increased efficiency, specificity, and more flexibility. Because of this precision and efficiency, human body achieves optimal strength to impede attacks of microorganisms. The method, cognise by the acronym Crispr-Cas9, co-opts the natural immune system with which bacteria remember the DNA of the viruses that attacks them so they are shit the next time those same invaders appear.

Inorganic chemistry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inorganic alchemy - Assignment ExampleThis accounts for the differences in the overall stability constants between the Cu2+/NH3 and Cu2+/en systems.The crystal field change integrity is the division in capacity between two arrays of d orbitals due to uneven repulsion of the d electrons of the metal by the negative charges, which are set octahedrally around the innermost metal ion (Reger, Goode & Ball 2009). Therefore, the energy of the d orbitals augments as the negative charges approach the metal ion ( crystallization field theory energy level divide n.d.).4. The magnetic moment of Mn(H2O)62+ is 5.9 BM while the magnetic moment of Mn(CN)64- is 1.7 BM because Mn(H2O)62+ contains more unpaired electrons compared to Mn(CN)64-. match to Khandelwal, the magnetic moment of a substance increases with the increase in the number of unpaired electrons (n.d.).5. The limitations of the Crystal country conjecture as applied to transition metal complexes are that it ignores the central met al atom and the ligands. The Crystal field Theory views ligands as point charges and does not account for chemical bonds.The Molecular Orbital Theory is a more useful theory because it explains atoms in terms of orbitals and the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals (electron configuration). This helps in write up for chemical bonds as a result of transfer or sharing of electrons. It takes into account the ionic and covalent involvements in the formation of complexes.The Latimer diagram indicates the standard reduction potential for changes between each of the oxidation states of an chemical share in order, starting with the highest oxidation state on the left and the lowest oxidation state on the right (Chandra 2006).The first step involves identifying the element with the highest oxidation state and writing it down. An arrow is drawn from this element to that with the second highest oxidation

The Namesake of New Types of Power Structures Essay

The Namesake of New Types of Power Structures - Essay ExampleMisuse of power is ilkwise evident in Adolf Hitler mode of leadership (Helgesen, 2008). Like how Machiavelli used to use force to rule and engage with the enemies, the same things was repeated by Adolf Hitler. The Austrian -born German dictator, is name sake for Machiavelli based on the despotism he depicted during his rule (Gallagher, 1991). The command and misuse of power that Adolf Hitler used can be compared with that of dictator Machiavellian (Callanan, 2004). The reason why I have made the selection is based on the detail that even though the subjects that Adolf Hitler dealt with were innocent, he went ahead and exposed them to harmful and risky situation that left them devastated. The dictator Machiavellian was known for brutality and deceit which he portrayed at innocent Italians just like how Hitler did to the Germans and other people.It is true that power is misused by individuals, it results into undermini ng of others who are not powerful. Cheating and corrupt activities build place when an individual with power start blackmailing others. Power should be used appropriately considering those who do not have power to excise over others.Callanan, A. (2004). What would Machiavelli think? An overview of the leadership challenges in team based structures. team Performance Management, 10(3/4), 77 8 3. Retrieved from the ProQuest Central

From what you know about action potentials describe feasible Essay

From what you know about action potentials describe operable instruments whereby anaesthetics might prevent pain - Essay ExampleMoreover, its pharmacological effect is evidenced by typical laryngeal-pharyngeal reflexes and extreme analgesia. To this end, the drugs central point of action in the Central Nervous arrangement is the thalamo-neocortical projection area. Consequently, the ketamine discriminately lowers the neuronal action in certain parts of the cortex. This is action is more seeming(a) in the thalamus and association areas. At the same time, it stimulates the certain areas in the limbic system and hypothalamus (Reiss, Evans, & Broyles 2002). This ultimately results to utilitarian disorganization of unprescribed pathways in the thalamic and mid top dog region. Ketalar equally lowers the impulse transmission within the medial medullary formation in the reticular. This area is critical in transmitting the emotional-affective parts on noiception the higher brain areas f rom the spinal corduroy. In addition, the anodyne effects of ketamine are attributed to its occupation of the opiate receptors in the spinal cord and brain. The interaction with the N-Methyl-d-aspartate at times mediates the analgesic and anesthetic action of ketamine (Rosdahl & Kowalski 2008). Moreover, Ketamines analgesic effect on the spinal cord is due to the prevention of neuronal action on the dorsal horn wide range dynamic. Evidently, the notion that CNS sodium blockade channels are the mechanism by which ketamine results to anesthesia, has been scientifically dispelled.Anesthesia Related Drugs. (n.d.).hirnforschung.kyb.mpg.de. Retrieved January 24, 2013, from

Vision Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Vision - Research Paper ExampleAt the end of the process, there is the consolidation of the gains by the organization before ending the process by anchoring the channelize (Cameron and Mike 187). The success of any organization usually comes about due to the joint efforts of all stakeholders at bottom the organization especially in decision-making. This calls for the engagement of every person indoors an organization in the flood tide up with a hallucination and its communication so that the business achieves its mission and objectives presently and in the future. This underscores the grandness of vision to any business that operates in any environment, which must c arefully adopt changes especially in its vision to align it with the dynamism of the operational environment.In this work, our focus will be on vision, what and how it should be and the reason for having the vision within an organization. Vision is important to any organization as it will determine the success of the business as it gives the process through which the business is to be run and the expected benefits. This representation that having a strong vision and the strategy for executing it is important in the carrying out of change within any organization. According to Kotter, having an effective vision helps the company to define its future by conveying a picture of what it will look like as well as knowing the realistic and possible goals. The vision also helps in knowing the long-term interests of the employees and guidance on the decision-making goals of the organization. A clear vision for an organization helps in allowing individual initiative and the possibility of having alternatives especially when the conditions within the organization change.According to Kotter, the solicitude of change within an organization is important for the planning and the control off the processes within the organization that are geared towards transforming the way it is run

Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity EssayWith more than than six billion masses in this human race, with a huge variety of human shapes, colors and sizes drop race really be defined? As masses spread across the world. Mixing among each opposite creating new kinds of faces there is no true race. But large number such as Hitler believed that the Aryans where the ace race trusty got the cultural progress toments in Europe and that they has to stop racial contamination that would come from behavior with inferior races by destroying them. Which caused the slaughtering of those deemed inferior Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, slaves, and people with disabilities.It didnt stop here, youd think the world would try to make a difference yet as Hitler era was fading, the ethnic cleansing by Serbs in Bosnia, the mass kills of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994 were and are stilling taking place years after Hitler. What these people failed to see is that there is no pure race. People show such a mixture of physical characteristics ? in skin color, pilus textures, body shapes, eye color, height, weight and so on that there can not be a pure race. Our characteristics follow endlessly together, the mapping of genome system shows that were strikingly homogenous.Although large groups of people can be classified by blood type and gene frequencies they still cannot be classified as a race. The idea of a race in far from a myth, its embedded in our culture, it is part of our passing(a) lives. Sociologist D. S. Thomas observed that if people define situations as real, theyre real in their consequences in other words, people define situations as real, theyre real in their consequences in other words, people act on beliefs, not facts.As a result to that we will always acquit people like Hitler who feel that killing people that they believe is inferior is perfectly fine.Incidents such as the above still happen in todays world save they are hidden from the public eye, what isnt h idden and does continue toady seems as if no i is trying to make a difference is detriment and variety, a war that will never stop. Prejudice can be defined as a prejudging of some sort, discrimination on the other hand can be defined as an action, and unfair treatment directed against individual on basis of their age, sex, height, origin, marital status, education, income, religion, etc, but when its due to race we usually call it racism.Why are people prejudices? The common sense answer is that people may have had a negative experience with a member of the other group. But Psychologists such as Eugene Hartley (1946) made studies showing that its more than just an over-the-hill incident, his studies showed that prejudice against all other groups as well. Social scientists have developed several theories to explain prejudice there are two types of theories, Scapegoat, and the Authoritarian Personality.People who are unable to release there try to the source usually tend to re lease it on other people and they tend to find someone to satanic their mishaps on and this usually becomes their scapegoat, often a racial, ethnic, or religious minority that they unfairly blame for their troubles. The other theory is The Authoritarian Personality Theodor Adornos term for people who are prejudice and rank superior on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissive to superiors. Sociologists find these theories to be inadequate, they stress that the key to find prejudice is from the outdoors not form within.Sociologists decoct on how some environments foster prejudice, while other discourages it. Sociologists have a few theories Hitler used Functionalism, he hired Fritz Hippler, a Nazi intellectual was put in bang of the entire German film industry and he was told to create anti-Semitist, and he did by producing movies that compared Jews to rates, that their breeding would clog up their pure breed. You can see that prejudic e is functional and it creates in-group solidarity, and destroys human relationships. Conflict Theory- a theoretical exemplar in which society is count oned as composed of groups competing for scarce resource.Symbolic interactionism examines how peoples labels affect perception and create prejudice. When we follow out a label to a group we tend to see its members as all alike, this leads to stereotyping and discrimination and may nevertheless create a depicted behavior. Symbolic interaction shows that were not born to a race, and moral principle group where we lean beliefs, values we learn to perceive them negatively or positively. If discrimination is common in our groups, we learn to practice it commonly. Discrimination is like a learned skill if you practice it enough you substance abuse even realize you using it.William Julius Wilson, a sociologist, argues that social class has become important that race is check out the purport chances of African Americans. Prior to the Civil War African Americans were excluded from everything that could help you advance in life and become wealthy. As African Americans moved out of the inner cities, as legislators began opening doors for African Americans, as a result they were able to get better paying jobs, live a middle-class life, but those who were left behind in the inner cities they were trapped in poverty.I believe that people pick their way of life, yes it is true that things may be harder for an African American or a Latino person, but things are hard for everyone in their own individual ways. I do believe that in todays world things arent based on race in some places yes but as from what I see I believe its based on your social class, who you are, who you know, where you work, and how much money you have, thats what I believe matters in todays society.Although sociologists like Charles Willie, states that even African Americans do the same work as whites, whites average higher pay than African American, he argues that it racial discrimination not social discrimination. He states that we need to provide more jobs for the people in the inner cities with more jobs theres more hope in inner cities and an anchor to a responsible life. But being richer for an African American is still a problem because certain people startle assuming things for example an African American person driving a new car a cop tends to find reason to pull them over, just to make sure the car isnt stolen.Both sociologists have a strong point of view, but I also do have my own view in prejudice and discrimination. In todays society minority groups have a better chance to achieve their goals, for example everyone can attend the same college, travel the country, eat in the same place and even be best friends with someone of a different ethnicity, while this is taken for granted I honestly think its a beautiful thing. Prejudice and discrimination is a war that will be fought through and through out ones life regard less, of their race, color, size, height or social status.As we flash back we see that discrimination has always been around in all different forms. We, as the human race need to focus on not judging people before we know them for who they are. Today, there are so more type of people in the world that stereotyping are always incorrect. If everyone in the world had respect for one another we would live in peace and be able to let others believe in what they manage and except everyones differences. If we teach our children and change our ways, sometime in our future we will be closer to accept that a mans character is based upon content of his soul, not his color, ethnicity, or their religion.

Christianity and Islam Essay Example for Free

saviorianity and Islam EssayA few months ago, when a Vati tummy official announced that universality was surpassed by Islam as the beings largest faith, many news agencies around the world carried what seemed to aim been a largely unnoticed issue for this present generation religion. At least for some time, renewed debates active(predicate) whether or not champion should indeed consider Islam as a religion that commands worlds largest chase surfaced peerless after an opposite.The issue many people think should not be dismiss is the position that Christianity a religion which combines an array of all its offshoots namely papist Catholicism, Orthodox, Protestantism, Anglicanism, Evangelicals, among others still has the largest adherents compargond to any other religion, including Islam. Even if Christianity may be blue down into some larger or other little denominations, many people subscribe to idea that since all Christians root their whimsy in Christ, unmatcha ble must(prenominal) rent them as belonging to a singular religion, the largest in the world to be exact.To consider Christianity as a single religion involves rounds of new separate debates. Surely, when the differences between the mainstream Christian blocks and the thousand of other youngster denominations are brought into the fore, their respective beliefs will manifest diversity, resemblance, opposition, and steady contradiction. Tedious as this process may emerge, one may not yet consider the fact that level in the Islam religion itself there are further classifications of membership that must be taken into careful account.Again, it is legitimate to inquire whether it is proper to take Islam as a unitary religion, or they too must be broken down into their fine types. As one may correctly observe, inner constituents within the worlds largest religions Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, etc. appear to be a importantly given fact. One can perhaps inquire whether it is possible to expose a major(ip) religion with millions, if not a billion of adherents, which does not have any, or have not suffered from any inner rift at any given point of its history.It may be interesting to ask therefore, what accounts for the eventual(prenominal) internal fall out of world religions in history? weaken yet, how must we attempt to understand what happens in a religion that has been repose forthd into smaller aggregate types in the course of history? II. Rationale and Scope This brief study presents a case for divisions transpiring within world religions. moreover since the scope of studying the issue is broad (considering that there are many major world religions to cite), this research shall be restricted at tackling Christianity and Islam as chosen types.Specifically, the study shall describe the events that transpired during the Catholic-Protestant divide of the mid 1500s for Christianity, and the Shiite-Sunni divide for Islam. To be sure, there a re other identifiable divisions which can be noted in the history of Christianity. While there are small schisms involving heretics who refuse to accept fundamental Christian commands, Christianity is said to have been divided into two major blocks during the 11th century. It produced the dichotomization between the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox, which until the present still exists.For the purposes of limiting this study, the Christian division which shall be discussed in this study shall await on the Luther-led reformation of the 1500s. Meanwhile, it is besides insightful to note even in the Islam religion, there have been discordant types of smaller divisions and schisms. For the purposes of this study too, the rift between the Shiites and the Sunnis that was created in the early age of Islam religion shall be the one in focus. A short analysis and interpretation of the sample religions used shall comprise the conclusion of this study. III. handling Proper a.Nat ure of Religion Before relating the events defining the divisions that were experienced both by Christianity and Islam, it will be helpful to cite some theories to help beg off the dynamics of religion. This is important since it shall provide a on the job(p) perspective which is to be used later on in the analysis. Religion is a phenomenon which may be understood in many ways. Basically speaking, it refers to the common innate feeling or belief in a Supreme Being (McCutcheon, 2007, p. 22). Religion obviously stems from a belief that there is a higher(prenominal) being that must be worshiped or adored. scarce religion does not pertain to kind of individual(prenominal) belief alone. It also describes how a worshipper finds the need to belong to a community which shares the same belief, and consequently obey a given set of rules within it. Thus, another definition for religion may also be expressed as a unified system of belief and practices relative to sacred things which unites (believers) into one single moral community (McCutcheon, 2007, p. 22). Combing both definitions enable one to fully appreciate the fact that religion pertains to both a personal ascent to God, and a commitment to a community, a set of rules and a specific set rituals.When seen under the lenses of scientific inquiry (e. g. anthropology, sociology, philosophy, etc. ) religion reveals patterns and dynamism conformable with human belief system, knowledge, interest and relationships. This means that religion is molded into the belief system of the believers. For instance, if Christians hold that Christ in his lifetime was compassionate to the poor, it follows that they too, since they follow Christ, must do something good for their less fortunate brethren.Or if Moslems take Mohammad as their example, and Mohammad was a deeply spiritual man, they too must not take spirituality lightly in their lives. Religious mindset is committed to certain courses of action (Slater, 1978, p. 6) and t hese actions are meaningful however because believers draw their identities from a person or a belief system they embrace be it the Lordship of Christ, or the greatness of the Prophet Muhammad (Slater, 1978, p. 82). This is one of the primary reasons why religions possess their continuing identities (Slater, 1978, p. 82).So long as a base of Christians identify themselves to the teachings of their religion, say Catholic church building, they will remain to be Catholics. As indeed, so long as a group of Moslems identify themselves to the teachings of their religion, say Shiite group, they will remain to be identify with it. What explains the shift in a belief system is when one cannot anymore identify either with a teaching, or specific religious structures. It is a general rule that key to a religions perpetuity is establishing an identity.When people start to feel alienated with what they used to hold or believe it, it can explain why a group of believers create their own groups to accommodate their otherwise alienated belief system. To help establish the point, it may be good to lay down two glaring examples. b. The Shiite-Sunnis secern Islam was natural at least five hundred years after Christianity was already an institutionalized religion. But what started out only as a small community following Muhammad, Islam grew in exponential proportionality in just a short span of time.Within the rapid growth came bitter disputes and eventual set offaways. Although Islam is a religion which does not readily recognize that there are divisions within them, scholars are closely unanimous in agreeing that some factions already broke from within the Moslem community dating cover to the days when the religion itself was merely beginning to be accomplished. In a sense, Islam is a religion broken down into at least two major divisions even ahead it got to be formally established as a religious phenomenon.It all started when a certain man named Muhammad, who by the way was born in 570 to a very poor family, begun to attract followers after experiencing visions and revelations (Renard, 1998, p. 7). His reputation spread in neighboring places, and soon found himself at odds with ruling imperiums for the large number of followers he had gathered. After this increasingly expanding community finally settled in Mecca in 630, Muhammad would die two years after (Renard, 1998, p. 7).His death would then see his community figure in a prolonged tug-of-war for just succession, and would officially begin the drift within the newly established religious community. One group allegeed that Muhammad chose his just successor in the person of his son named Ali before he died. The other group contested the claim and said, no instructions were made by the Prophet whatsoever. Instead, they held that it was appropriate for to appoint leaders themselves, and eventually chose Abu Bakr, Muhammads father-in-law, as the first of the four caliphs (meaning head), to r ule the Islam community.Those who embraced the leadership of Ali were eventually known as the Shiites, while the followers who believed Abu Bakrs caliphate eventually came to be known as Sunnis. As some(prenominal)(prenominal), the neat separation within the just-emerging Islamic religion has been established. Since it exists up until today, it can be described as the largest institutional division within the Muslim community so far (Renard, 1998, p. 13 Ayoub, 2004, 72). c. The Catholic-Protestant Divide The era that colored the Catholic-Protestant divide was a church building marred with controversies, silent disenchantment and an ever growing discontent among Christian faithful.As history would show, it was through with(predicate) and because of Martin Luther and his whole ebb generating protests against the Church that the radical break from Catholicism was to be established. But hundreds of years before the supposed break, there had already been numerous events that point to the restlessness within the membership of the Church which it tested to quell. What were the controversies about? As early as the 1300s, roughly two hundred years before Luther was born, an official priest by the name of John Wycliffe started to publish series of attacks against some of the major teachings and traditions of the Church.In 1372, he was summoned and reprimanded by Church authorities for his teachings that dwelled on the following his denial of the doctrine of transubstantiation (a belief that the scratch line and wine used in celebrating the Eucharist is transformed into the real body and blood of Christ), attacks on the consent of the Pope as the head of the Church, corrupt practices within the Church, and emphasis on preaching and the use of Scriptures for teaching the doctrines of the Church (Cook, 2008, p. 95). Wycliffe probably represented the first courageous voices which tried to confront whats wrong with the Church.In fact, he did try to raise legitimate concerns about both the divisive doctrines and lamentable discipline which the Church at that time practiced. Years after, Luther would pick up from where his predecessors had left out. In 1517, he released his Ninety-Five Theses to the creation a collection of ninety-five protests against many Church teachings both doctrinal and moral and Church practices, such as indulgences (spiritual merits obtained in return for monetary donations), celibacy (the promise for priests not to marry), Eucharist, among others (Cook, 2008, p. 100).Since the general religious cash machine at that time was already ripe for reforms, his ninety-five theses were easily duplicated and spread throughout the German empire a testament, as it were, to a huge popular promote he enjoyed for the risks he took. Luthers break from the Church was formally established when he burned the Papal bull Exsurge Domine (a decree which imperil him of excommunication if he did not recant his protests) in front of many people in a public square (Cook, 2008, 101).After which, he did subsequently ask the authorities of the German kingdom to support his cause for Church reform. Luther is remembered as a man who broke the Catholic Church apart. True enough, even before he died, he already saw the far reaching effects of his call for reforms he perhaps initially did not intended to jumpstart. Thanks to Luther, Christianity would never be the same again. The Germany after (the) Reformation movement in the mid 1500s became a home to a new breed of Christians who came to be branded as Lutherans, Calvinist, Reformers, or even Protestants (Pennock, 2007, p. 168).In principle, Luther earned the reputation of being an agent of division within the Christian religion. IV. Conclusion To be sure, Christianity and Islam are not the only major religions in the world which had suffered a kind of break-up from within. Religious divisions are commonplace, and that variations sprouting from within large communities ma y be brought about by various factors. When divisions occur, one normally observes that differences pertaining to a host of issues including (but not limited to) doctrines, practices, or even recognized leadership become patent.As earlier mentioned, the dynamics of religion may help explain why a feeling of alienation (or a loss of identity) can push a believer or a group to break-away from mainstream religion to form their own set of practices and norms independently. Christianity and Islam were taken as exemplifications. In the points that were developed, it was seen that they share a history with lots of bitter disputes, which in turn led to an eventual division. But both religions suffered from internal rifts quite differently as well.Islams division was more political in nature, as two major factions with their respective claims to rightful succession to their now-dead Prophet-leader tore the emerging community apart thus, the Sunnis and the Shiites. Christianity on the other hand, after experiencing many breakaway groups in the course of history, had to suffer yet another major blow from internal disputes led by Martin Luther in the 1500s on account of doctrine and practices. What followed was a Christian religion torn once again, which ushered the creation of a big faction named Protestants.Religious divisions can be put under rigorous inquiry. There are viewpoints that consider these divisions as something that separate one group after another, while there are those who propose to see the same divisions as something that merely get it on (but not separate). While the two viewpoints may be valid in their respective senses, this study places much interest not on their distinguishability or separability, but on the fact that, truly, religious divisions from within happen.ReferencesAyoub, M. (2004). Islam. faith and History. Oxford Oneworld. Cook, C.. (2008) The Routledge Companion to Christian History. New York Routledge. McCutcheon, R. (2007). Studyin g Religion. An Introduction. London Equinox. Pennock, M. (2007) This is Our Church. A History of Catholicism. Notre Dame, Indiana Ave Maria Press. Renard, J. (1998)101 Questions and Answers on Islam. New York Paulist Press. Slater, P. (1978). The Dynamics of Religion. Meaning and Change in Religious Traditions. San Francisco Harper and Row. (Also consulted) http//ca. news. yahoo. com/s/capress/080330/world/vatican_muslims

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

medical student support self-annihilation Es word doc Assisted felo-de-se ( physician Assisted suicide) also referred to as Physician Aid-in-dying (PAD) is practice in which a physician assist a terminally affected role in the close of his/her take in liveing by prescribing a deadly/lethal medication. The term physician aid-in-dying is used to discern the practice authorized under the Washington and Oregon Death with Dignity Acts. Starks (2009). In different wrangle physician aid-in dying is the politically correct term. The act is only legal if the unhurried is terminally ill, has six-spot months or less to live and must be mentally stable to slang their own conclusion. I pretend Physician Assisted Suicide is un only if be elbow grease I am a Christian, and home plated on my religion, it is against the law of God to take the support of another(prenominal) human being. Honestly I must severalise I contradict myself when it comes to this topic.In my soulal opinion I would say Physician Assisted Suicide is ethically permissible because I recover the patient should be throw in the toweled to make their own decision when it relates to their own life. A physicians job is to help alleviate the patients pain and if the patient has an illness that toleratenot be restored and the physician is certain(p) there really is no more than he can do for the patient why not aid the in dying. I think it lead make things a little easier and more convenient because if a mortal really is tired of deplorable they may decide to end their own life which may be very messy and bequeath cause more devastation to the patients family. With the physicians assistance, the family go forth be nimble and there forget not be a big mess to clean up. From the outside looking in, no one cognizes what the patient is going through or how much they ar suffering no one understands how they may olfactory sensation or how much pain they can bargon. If they fee l last would buy out them from their misery and remove the suffering, I think it should be their decision. I really do not hear a difference in Physician Assisted Suicide and the refusal of life sustaining treatment (which is legal).If a soul refuses treatment which without give cause them to overstep is it not the same as committing suicide, the only difference is the butt on will take a longer cartridge clip period. Dr Timothy Quill states the analogy is of one person sitting on the beach waiting for the tide to come in to drown and then another person walking into the ocean to drown. Boyd (ND) When considering Physician Assisted Suicide and my religion I must disagree, though I am for people being allowed to make their own decisions when it comes to their own life my religion convicts me and tells me I am wrong because no matter how I feel somewhat this situation personally it is unagitated wrong in the eyes of God. Everyone is at fault, the physician is wrong because the bible says it is a sin to cause harm to soulfulness or to take the life of another persons, even though the intentions atomic number 18 unafraid it is against the laws of God. The patient is wrong because it is a sin the take your own life and it is wrong for all who are in connection with the act and allowing it to take take aim.God loves us and he does not want us to suffer in pain or live a sad helpless, hopeless life, he will never personate more on us than we can bare, even before he created us he knew what time we would be born and he knows the same well-nigh when we will die, who are we to filter to take control over this? God performs amazing miracles, I bring forth seen him do it, who is to say, before someone decides to end their life, and just before the physician administer the lethal medication, God does not allow for a breakthrough and heal the person. People do not consecrate faith like they should and they do not believe this can be done therefore this i s not a risk they are ordain to take, most would rather take the easy road and do anything to unbosom the suffering right now. Unfortunately, the quite a little of this responsibility falls on the physician.Physicians conduct about their patients, their goal is to find out what is wrong with the patient, list the patient with what they prove to be wrong and then treat the patient until they can either cure the illness or try to extend their life expectancy as long as practical. honorable egoist may interpret Physician Assisted Suicide as a selfish act, for example, they could assert the physician is abusing the act by pressuring a terminally ill patient or their family to end the life of the patient by advising them it would be for the best because the patient is suffering and there is nothing more he/she can do for the patient. Of course the family would consider what the physician is saying because they do not want their family fraction to suffer, moreover, the physician may only be doing what he feel is best for the patient, at the same time a physician should never bring up this topic for discussion, he should allow the patient to shell out the concern first. There are many ethical issues facing help suicide.Many people vex the right-to-die confused with support suicide. While right-to-die cases are different than assisted suicide cases right-to-die usually refers to the removal of feeding tubes or ventilators keeping unconscious or vegetative patients alive, as opposed to people actively deciding to end their lives. (Pickert, 2009) Though Physician Assisted Suicide is considered unethical and illegal, recently there fool been more calls in raise of its legalization. Some professional telephone circuits in favor of Physician Assisted Suicide are respect for autonomy self-determination, covering the facts that people should have the right to make their own decisions, they should be able to determine their own place, date and time of death if they wish. Another argument in favor is justice fairness, this argument takes the matter to a legal level, it allows the patient the right to refuse treatment to carry on their life.Compassion sympathy is argues that suffering is worse that the pain itself, it causes a person to breakdown bodilyly, mentally, and emotionally repayable to the lack of independence, one may feel like a tear to others, physicians can give medicines to relieve pain but there is no cure for suffering. Honesty and Transparency would open doors for discussions and options, if it was legal is would make it easier for people to talk about it and for physicians to provide better bursting charge concerning the end of a persons life. To this day people are silence fighting to make assisted suicide legal. Each grade for 14 years, Wisconsin legislators have introduced an assisted-suicide bill. So far, all have died in committee, but 2007s version is still on the table. California, Hawaii, Arizona and Verm ont have repeatedly rebuffed assisted-suicide proposals, but each has faced another proposal in 2007. Most of these bills are virtually identical to Oregons assisted suicide law. (Enouen, 2012) Im real many have heard or read or about Dr. Kevorkian, who was also in favor of Physician Assisted Suicide, in 1998 administered a lethal injection to his then patient Thomas Youk, on the 60 minutes TV show.In Oakland County, Michigan Physician Assisted Suicide is considered illegal therefore Kevorkian was convicted of second degree murder in 1998, and sentenced to a 15-25 year term of which he served 8 years, and was released in 2007 Starks (2009). Im sure Dr. Kevorkian has been Mr. Yorks doctor for many years. I sure they had build a relationship together and Dr. Kevorkian care about him, therefore Im sure it was not an easy task for the physician to complete, however he (Dr. Kevorkian) did what he felt was best for his patient. On the opposite end there is another group of professionals who oppose Physician Assisted Suicide argumentation that it is ethically impermissible. Sanctity of life due to religious reasons Physician Assisted Suicide is morally wrong.hejira 2013 states Thou shalt not kill, Brodman Holman (1979). A 1997 study conducted by the American Medical connective (AMA) found that more than half of Americans believe physician-assisted suicide should be legal. Many patients decided to choose assisted suicide because they are afraid of the pain they will endure cause by their illness. There are some alternatives to assisted suicide such as pain management, to make the patients as light as possible. With very rare exceptions, physical pain can be eliminated or brought within tolerable limits by aggressive drug therapy-therapy which necessity not leave the patient in a stupor. disquiet also has a psychological dimension which, if appropriately addressed, can significantly reduce the patients experience of physical pain. The isolation of illness can be reduced through the support of families and the community, as well as the creation of a caring environment in which one is treated. (Linton, 1993)However, when people are told about alternatives to the technological treatments so many of us fear, and about the availability of pain control and hospice care, their support for physician-assisted suicide goes down to under one-fifth. This study seems to show that when people are informed about all of their end-of-life choices, they are less likely to opt for suicide. Lynn Harrold (1999, 2006) Many argue that there is a passive vs. active bankers bill passive is when one is allowed to die, active is killing someone. When someone refuse treatment or treatment is withheld and they die it is considered justified however when Physician Assisted Suicide is used it is murder and unjustifiable. Others argue that it could be a potential cause for abuse, poor populations with minimal healthcare may be pushed towards Physician Assisted Suicide, and it may become a cost efficient government agency out. If a family member is a burden to the family, and for insurance purposes, these too may be causes for leaning towards Physician Assisted Suicide.Another argument against Physician Assisted Suicide is professional integrity, it relates to the Hippocratic Oath which states I will not administer envenom to anyone where asked, and I will be of benefit, or at least do no harm, Starks (2009) this is the oath that altogether physicians must take before officially becoming doctors. If they agree to Physician Assisted Suicide they are going against the pledge they agreed to, this could initially cause harm to the integrity and the publics envision of the profession, it may also make it difficult for patients to trust them. Lastly and maybe the most important argument is fallibility of the profession the fear that physicians could make mistakes, possibly misdiagnosing or prognosis. There may be errors in diagnosis or treatment of depression, or inadequate treatment of pain.Thus the State has an obligation to protect lives from these undeniable mistakes and to improve the quality of pain and symptom management at the end of life. Starks (2009) I think the more research I do agree that Physician Assisted Suicide should remain illegal. I alone make this decision based on my religion. Who are we to make judgment on when to end lives? We did not give life to ourselves or anyone else. I think she should have faith in God and know that he will never posture more on you than you can bear. Suicide and assisting someone in a suicide is wrong.As it states in Numbers 3530, whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be put to death by the mouth of witnesses but one witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die. Brodman Holman (1979) People speak of showing compassion and caring for others, killing is not compassion. That is Orwellian Newspeak, a language without closeing. If love is death and me rcy is killing, then words mean nothing. St. Clair (2009 Unfortunately the future affects of assisted suicide is currently undetermined. I personally think people will continue to fight for assisted suicide to become legal, however I do not think this will take place because wither way you look at it, many will still consider this murder.If I was in this situation and had to decide whether to allow my family member to live and suffer or allow them to end their life, I would choose to let them live, based only on my religion and knowing who my God is. This does not mean I wish for my love one to live in pain or uncomfortable, however this does put my Lord and savior to the test. Through my religion and being raised as Christian I have learned that God will not put more on you than you can bare. At a time like this I will turn to what is known, in my religion, as a secret weapon, and at this point I will fast and pray. I will not ask God to allow my loved one to live or die, however I will ask that his will be done, and if it is his will for my loved one to live I ask for a full quick recovery, if its Gods will to discontinue their life, I will only ask for peace.No matter what situation I playact I put God first and he enables me to make precise decisions. Personally I feel it must be very difficult to watch as a person you love and care for lay helpless, in pain, suffering from an illness, watching as they deteriorate not only physically, but mentally, spiritually and emotionally. Stepping outside of my spiritual realm I would feel awing because I would feel I am allowing my loved one to suffer even if they had asked to be put down I may feel God is not healing fast enough and things are not going the way I think they should. Only for the love of the my loved one and to relieve their suffering would I agree with physician assisted suicide, however I think in the end I will feel terrible because I would have assisted in the role to determine when to end their life, knowing it was not my decision to make and not knowing if God was going to open a door and make way for a breakthrough for them to overcome the illness.Just knowing my God I know he can perform miracles and he can make a way out of no way, the hardest thing to do is to be patient. Therefore in the meantime, I would do what I could to make my loved one as comfortable as possible I will encourage them and continue to pray. I cannot honestly say how I would react in this situation just the thought of hearing of the death of a loved one and their request to end their life makes me feel as if my heart has been cut in half. At the same time it makes me ask myself, am I being selfish? Do I only want my loved one to live because I love them and I do not feel ready to deal with the death of them? Do their feelings even matter to me? Do I not care that they are suffering? There is so much more to making this decision than I have not really given thought to. If I do agree with the assis ted suicide, how would the rest of my life go, will I have to live with the weight on my shoulders that I assisted in the death of my loved?Now this is something I do not think I can live with, just the pressure in the back of my mind would potentially cause depression to set in which will lead to other problems in my life as far as preventing me from giving myself fully to the remainder of my family and being all that I can be, it may also affect my job performance and other areas of my life. I do not think that is something I want to cope with. Therefore I think I would allow the doctors to do all they can do to make my loved one comfortable and ease their pain I will pray sit back and allow Gods will to be done. I will try to make the last days as enjoyable as possible by spending as much time with them as I can and talking with them, reminiscing about our lives together and special memories. Until Physician Assisted Suicide is legalized nationwide, it should be brought to the fo refront and to the attention of the public.Many do not know of this practice until they are face to face with having to make a life or death decision, or until they or a family member is on their death bed. The public should be ameliorate on Physician Assisted Suicide, not to persuade them to agree but for information purposes, they will base their decision on their own understanding, however until everyone gets a full understanding they will all be skeptical. There is a big debate in the topic of Physician Assisted Suicide and twain sides present convincing arguments, however it does not look as if an agreement is in the near future, however the Supreme Court did allow each state to pass their own laws on Physician Assisted Suicide and whether it would be legalized or not, nevertheless, as of right now the only state where it is legal is in Oregon, which means at the present moment, if a patient decides he/she wants to terminate his/her life they will need to book a flight to Ore gon.ReferencesAndrew D. Boyd, University of Texas Southwestern at Dallas, Physician-Assisted Suicide For and Against (ND) Retrieved from www.amsa.org/AMSA/Libraries/Docs/PhysicianAssistedSuicide.sflb.ashx Brodman Holman Publishers, King James Version (1979)Enouen, S. (2012) living Issues Institute. Current Attempts to Legalize Assisted Suicide in the U.S.Retrieved from http//www.lifeissues.org/euthanasia/current_attempts.htm Helen Starks, PhD, MPH Assistant Professor, Bioethics and Humanities (2009) Retrieved from http//depts.washingtonedu/bioethx/topics/ hit the roof Jane St. Clair,30 Logical Reasons Against Physician-Assisted Suicide (2009) Retrieved from http//janestclair.net/30-logical-reasons-against-physician-assisted-suicide/ Joanne Lynn, M.D. and Joan Harrold, M.D, Handbook for Mortals Hastening Death Arguments against physician-assisted suicide (1999, 2006) Retrieved from http//www.growthhouse.org/mortals/mort2526.html Linton, P.B., (1993) Chicago Tribune. Better Solution s Than Assisted Suicide. celestial latitude 26, 1993 Retrieved from http// denominations.chicagotribune.com/1993-12-26/news/9312260140_1_suicide-assisted-pain Pickert, K. (2009). Time U.S. A Brief History of Assisted Suicide. March 03, 2009. Retrievedfrom http//www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1882684,00.html

John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

keister Stuart l bothygag and Utilitarianism EssayAbstract The paper presents the life of tail Stuart move by dint of his biography. A glance on his exceptional life as a child was also included in his biography. Likewise, his study contri plainlyions as a philosopher and economist were also discussed. Since John Stuart zep was a proponent of utilitarianism, the paper focuses its word on Mill and utilitarianism. The views of John Stuart Mill on utilitarianism and how it differs from Benthams views were give much aid in the paper. The history of utilitarianism was also presented to show how utilitarianism evolved. The confusions of many pack, regarding who the real founder of utilitarianism, was clarified through the history of utilitarianism. world John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), is a British philosopher-economist, who is the son of James Mill. He is one of the best nineteenth century thinkers. In economics, he was persuaded by the theories of Adam Smith, David Ricard o and Thomas Robert Malthus, and his Principles of Political Economy is a diminutive more(prenominal) than a restatement of their ideas.He had a great impact on nineteenth century British thought, not plainly in philosophical system and economics nevertheless also in the argonas of political science, logic, and ethics. He was a proponent of utilitarianism. He systematized the utilitarian doctrines of his father and Jeremy Bentham in such works as Utilitarianism (1863), basing intimacy upon human experience and emphasizing human reason. In political economy, Mill advocated those policies that he believed around self-consistent with individual liberty, and he emphasized that liberty could be threatened as much by favorable as by political tyranny. He is probably most historied for his essay On indecorousness (1859).He studied pre-Marxian socialist doctrine, and, although he did not produce a socialist, he worked actively for avail of the conditions of the working people. Utilitarianism is a philosophy which has been around for centuries, and is still active and common in the modern world. It is weighty not lonesome(prenominal) in philosophy itself, but in disciplines such as economics, political science, and ratiocination surmisal. To some people, Utilitarianism seems to be the only ethical philosophy which is obviously correct. To others, it seems to be sort of misconceived, eve reprehensible. living of John Stuart Mill.John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was a British philosopher, economist, righteous and political theorist, and administrator. He was the most powerful English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century. His views are of continuing significance, and are gener eithery recognized to be among the deepest and certainly the most effective defenses of empiricism and of a liberal political view of society and culture. The overall aim of his philosophy is to develop a peremptory view of the universe and the place of humans in it, on e which contributes to the patterned advance of human knowledge, individual liberty and human well- macrocosm.John Stuart Mill was born on May 20, 1806 in Pentonville, London. He was the eldest son of James Mill, a Scottish philosopher and historian who had come to London and become a leading figure in the group of philosophical radicals which aimed to further the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham. His return was Harriet Barrow, who seems to deem had very little fascinate upon him. Mill was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He was given an extremely rigorous upbringing, and was deliberately shielded from association with children of his own age other than his siblings.His father, a retainer of Bentham and an adherent of associationism, had as his explicit aim to create a elan intellect that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation later on he and Bentham were dead. John Stuart Mill as a child was exceptional. At the age of three he was taught the Greek alphabet and long lists of Greek words with their English equivalents. By the age of eight he had read Aesops Fables, Xenophons Anabasis, and the whole of Herodotus, and was inform with Lucian, Diogenes Laertius, Isocrates and six dialogues of Plato.He had also read a great deal of history in English and had been taught arithmetic. At fifteen, John Stuart Mill undertook the study of Benthams various fragments on the theory of legal evidence. These had an inspiring influence on him, darn in him his life-long goal of reforming the world in the interest of human well-being. At the age of seventeen, he had accurate locomote and thorough courses of study in Greek literature and philosophy, chemistry, botany, psychology, and law. In 1822 Mill began to work as a clerk for his father in the examiners office of the India House. In 1823, he co-founded the Westminster Review with Jeremy Bentham as a journal for philosophica l radicals.This intensive study however had injurious effects on mill around intellectual health, and state of mind. At the age of twenty-one, he suffered a nervous breakdown. This was ca utilize by the great physical and moral arduousness of his studies which had suppressed any feelings or spirituality he might puzzle developed ordinarily in childhood. Nevertheless, this depression eventually began to dissipate, as he began to find solace in the poetry of William Wordsworth. His faculty for emotion resurfaced, Mill remarking that the cloud gradually drew off. In 1851, Mill married Harriet Taylor after 21 years of an at times intense friendship and love affair.Taylor was a significant influence on Mills work and ideas during both friendship and marriage. His relationship with Harriet Taylor reinforced Mills advocacy of womens rights. He died in Avignon, France in 1873, and is buried along stead his wife. John Stuart Mill and the master(prenominal) School of Thought Classica l economics starts with Adam Smith, as a coherent economic theory, continues with the British economists Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo, and culminates in the deductive reasoning of John Stuart Mill, who as a young man was a follower of David Ricardo.Among the classical economists in the three-quarters of a century, although they have differences of opinion between Smiths Wealth of Nations and Mills Principles of Political Economy (1848), the members of the group still concur on major article of faiths. All believed in private property, free markets, and, in Mills words, that only through the article of faith of competition has political economy any pretension to the character of a science. They shared Smiths unvoiced suspicion of government and his ardent confidence in the power of self-interest represented by his celebrated invisible hand, which reconciled public benefit with individual pursuit of private gain. From Ricardo, classicists derived the notion of dimini shing returns, which held that as more labor and capital were applied to land, yields after a certain and not very advanced stage in the progress of agriculture steadily diminished. Through Smiths emphasis on consumption, rather than on production, the scope of economics was considerably broadened.Smith was optimistic about the chances of improving general standards of life. He called attention to the importance of permitting individuals to follow their self-interest as a means of promoting national prosperity. History of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a sanely old philosophy, and major elements of it are even older. The best known, and most prolific, utilitarian philosophers were Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). In their time, utilitarianism was a significant philosophical movement in Britain, and the utilitarians were some of the leading social reformers of the time.John Stuart Mill, especially, is quite well known today. Many people seem to think, unfortunately, that utilitarianism began with Bentham and ended with Mill. This is quite wrong in dickens ways. First, Bentham was not the first utilitarian, although he did coin the word utilitarianism. Various pre-Benthamite philosophers were advocating utilitarian positions several decades before Bentham was born. Also, utilitarianism has a lot in common with ancient non-utilitarian philosophers, such as Mo Tzu and Jesus. Both of these people advocated a doctrine of universal love.These doctrines were not precisely stated enough to compare directly with utilitarianism, but they were unimpeachably universalist and egalitarian, and had strong currents of consequentialism, wel uttermostism, and (at least in the case of Mo Tzu) maximization. The second enigma with the popular misconception is that thither has been a great deal of development in utilitarianism since Mill. Some people are aware, for grammatical case, of the later developments of orientation course Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Mill is still usually regarded as the main resource on Utilitarianism, though.Part of the problem is that he wrote about it comprehensively, and there have been few high-priced comprehensive books about utilitarianism since then. Modern utilitarianism is in many ways far more sophisticated than that of Mill. more or less importantly, it has become connected with many developments in areas such as economics, political science, and decision theory. Utilitarianism has always enjoyed an essentially unique position as the only philosophy which applied to all areas of human endeavor in a reasonably straightforward endeavor, and connected to specific positions on how conflict between various interests should be resolved.In Mills time, utilitarianism was strongly united to economics, although the two disciplines subsequently diverged. Today, Preference Utilitarianism as a theory underlies many ideas in the sciences, and has been formalized to a degree that Mill never dreamed of. The idea of utility maximization even has applications entirely away of philosophy, such as its use in artificial intelligence to represent how a computer could exercise trade-offs between different goals. Utilitarianism today exists both as a powerful kind of formal reasoning, and as the philosophy which says that such reasoning should define the moral ideal in human affairs.Utilitarianism can even be formally derived from a set of four reasonable seeming axioms, something that no other major philosophy can claim. The modern state of utilitarianism in relation to other philosophies is actually quite unusual. Most philosophies exist in theoretical isolation, based on ideas which have little in common with ideas in other disciplines. Other disciplines, in turn, dont have much formal contact with them. Most major philosophies have a significant presence in politics and social issues, with people explicitly referring to issues such as rights and equality when debati ng how society should be organized.Utilitarianism, on the other hand, exists mostly in the background of popular discourse. hatful who claim to follow other philosophies often pass utilitarian arguments when it suits them, and utilitarian arguments are often used by people who wouldnt claim to follow any specific philosophy at all. Many philosophers make sure to explicitly place their ideas in opposition to utilitarianism, as if it were always lurking in the background dress to pounce on the unsuspecting theory. In part, this may be because utilitarianism is a sort of philosophical hydra, growth a new position for each one that is dismissed.While specific utilitarian ideas are endangered to attack, the underlying sentiments have proven amazingly resilient and have evolved to remain entirely current. Throughout the ordinal century, many philosophers confidently predicted that utilitarianism had been devastated, and would soon fall out of favor only to be disproved when it rema ined as popular as ever. Utilitarian perspectives have also been quietly adopted in domains ranging from economics, political science, and decision theory to cognitive science and artificial intelligence.This has given modern utilitarianism a powerful formulation akin no other, and a strong applied tradition. The old questions of how to measure utility, and how to maximize it most effectively in practice, have been extensively researched outside of philosophy. The result of this is that while other philosophies often talk in general scathe of how they should be applied, and have problems in resolving conflicts between various principles, utilitarianism is at the cutting edge of rigorously applicable principles. Which is still, it should be mentioned, far from perfect.John Stuart Mill on Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is the most influential moral philosophy in the last two centuries. Jeremy Bentham is the acknowledged founder of utilitarianism. He admitted however that he took over the principle of utility from David Hume. By stating categorically that there is an ultimate respectable a summum bonum, John Stuart Mill, the most famous utilitarian, laid the foundation of his moral philosophy. According to Mill, all moral actions should be aimed at attaining this good. Mill insists that this good is happiness.According to the Greatest felicitousness Principle, the ultimate end, with reference to and for the sake of which all other things are lovable whether we are considering our own good or that of other people is an existence exempt as far as possible from pain, and as rich as possible in enjoyments, both in window pane of quantity and quality ( Boyce, p. 36) Mill states his teological position by insisting that the subtlety of an action is determined by the actual consequences. It cannot be done by simply examining the spirit of the act alone. The real value of our actions depends on whether it promotes the good or not.The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals Utility or Greatest Happiness Principle holds that actions are right in proportion as they escape to promote happiness. Wrong, as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended fun, and the absence of pain, by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pastime. (Boyce, p. 36) Mill differs radically from Bentham on two important points. He is vehemently against the purely quantitative treatment of the principle of utility. According to Mill, we have to admit that some pleasures are intrinsically banner to others.He disdainfully tell It is disclose to be a human being dissatisfied, than a pig satisfied better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question. The other party to the comparison knows both sides. (Solomon, p. 310 ) To confirm his point, Mill cites Epicurus (341-270 B. C. ) who also espoused the view that whil e the good life is the life of pleasure, he does not mean only bodily and sensual pleasure alone. These are higher forms like intellectual and spiritual pleasure.According to both philosophers some pleasures are intrinsically superior to others. When there are some issues that arise about the criterion for judging the quality of pleasure. Mill argues that If I am asked what I mean by difference of quality of pleasures, or what makes one pleasure more valuable than another, merely as a pleasure, except its being greater in measure, there is but one possible answer. Of two pleasures if there is be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference, irrespective of a feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more wanted pleasure.If one of the two is, by those who are competently acquainted with both, placed so far above the other that they prefer it, even though knowing it to be attended with a greater amount of discontent, and would not resign it for any quantity of the other pleasure which their name is capable of, we are justified in ascribing to the preferred enjoyment a superiority in quality so far outweighing quantity as to render it, in comparison of small account. (Solomon, pp. 297-298).The example given by Mill is Socrates who is acquainted with both bodily pleasure and intellectual pleasure. If you ask which pleasure is more desirable, obviously, according to Mill, Socrates will choose intellectual pleasure. So the criterion for judging which pleasure is better than another must be made by a judge who has experienced both kinds of pleasures. Indeed, Mill is calling for an inter-subjective consensus of people who experienced both types of pleasure. The introduction of quality of pleasure added undue complication to Benthams quantitative calculus.The higher pleasure consists of the more intellectual, artistic and even spiritual, like reading poetry, speculating about the nature or the cosmos, enjoying of mu sic and the visual arts etc. as opposed to the more sensual and physical, like eating good food, indulging in sex and other physical stimulation. It must be mentioned though, that Mill is not excluding the lower pleasure from consideration. But obviously, he personally prefers the higher pleasures. Remember that it is the pig that provides the type for lower pleasure in contrast, it is Socrates who exemplifies the quest for higher pleasures.Mills proof on the resoluteness of the principle of utility The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible is that people actually see it. The only proof that a sound is audible is that people actually image it and so the other sources of our experience. In like manner, I apprehend, the sole evidence is it possible to produce that anything is desirable that people do actually want it no reason can be given wherefore the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desire his own happiness. (Solomon, p. 319 ).This proof has been the subject of debate among utlilitarian scholars. According to Solomon, the most generous interpretation of Mills proof are the following ones own happiness or pleasure is the only thing desired by each person the general happiness or the happiness of all is the only thing desired for itself by all the only test of something being desirable is its being desired the general happiness is the only thing desired in itself and lastly, the only test of the rightness or wrongness of actions is their tendency to promote the general happiness (the greatest happiness for the greatest number). compendium and Conclusion John Stuart Mill, being a philosopher and an economist had a great impact in the 19th century british thought not only in the field of philosophy and economics but also in other areas of political science, logic, and ethics. His exceptional childhood because of his fathers rigorous teach had injurious effects on his men tal health, and state of mind. Nevertheless, his father was able to create a genius in him that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after the death of his father and Bentham.One of the important works of John Stuart Mill was Utilitarianism, which argues for the philosophy of Utilitarianism. This philosophy was primarily formed by Jeremy Bentham, but Mills father James Mill was also a proponent. Utilitarianism holds that actions are good in proportion to the amount of happiness produced and number of people happiness is produced in. Mills main innovation to Utilitarianism is the idea of a power structure of pleasures.Bentham had treated all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argued that intellectual and moral pleasures and developments were superior to more physical forms of pleasure. His views are of continuing significance, and are recognized to be among the deepest and certainly the most effective defenses of empiricism and of a liberal politic al view of society and culture. The overall aim of his philosophy is to develop a positive view of the universe and the place of humans in it, one which contributes to the progress of human knowledge, individual freedom and human well-being.His views are not entirely original, having their roots in the British empiricism of John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, and in the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham. But he gave them a new depth, and his formulations were sufficiently articulate to gain for them a continuing influence among a broad public. References ACUNA, A. E. 2001. Philosophical Analysis. 5th Edition. U. P. Department of Philosophy. Diliman, Quezon City.Autobiography by John Stuart Mill. http//www. utilitarianism. com/jsmill. htm. BOYCE, W. D. 1978. Moral Reasoning. University of neon Press. London. MONTGOMERIE, I. 2000. A Utilitarian FAQ. http//www. ianmontgomerie. com /manifesto/utilitarian. SOLOMON, R. C. Morality and the Good Life. 1984. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. Websters Family Encyclopedia. 1999. Vol. 6. Archer planetary Inc. Great Neck, New York, U. S. A.

Les Miserables Essay Example for Free

Les Miserables canvassLes Miserables (the title is the kindred in French and English) is the most well-known of Victor Hugos novels. It describes the miserable sustenance of French workers, and especially their children. Hugo calls for social action to improve the unfortunate poors lives. This excerpt describes the display case Marius, and how he has worked very hard to succeed in life.Excerpt from Les Miserablesby Victor Hugo (1802-1885)Misery is the aforesaid(prenominal) with anything else. As time passes, it gradually becomes bearable. Marius had emerged from the narrow passage of his life now the path widened out a bit. Through sheer hard work, courage, and a strong will, he had pieceaged to earn around seven one C francs a year. He had learned English and German. Thanks to Courfeyrac, the man who introduced him to his publisher friend, Marius held a position in the literary department of the publishing house, where he filled the useful role of utility. He wrote prospe ctuses, translated articles from journals, annotated publications, compiled biographies, and so on. His elucidate gain, year in, year out, was seven hundred francs. He was able to survive on this income. How? Not badly. hither is how he lived.For a yearly rent of thirty francs, Marius lived in a miserable little dwell without a fireplace in the Gorbeau tenement. There was only a bare minimum of furniture which belonged to him. He paid the old fair sex who took care of the building a sum three francs a month to sweep his room, and bring him some warm water, a fresh egg, and a small loaf of excoriation every morning. This egg and bread cost him between devil and four cents, because eggs varied in price.At six oclock in the evening, he went downstairs to eat dinner at Rousseaus in the Rue Saint Jacques. He had no soup, exclusively he ate a plate of meat for six pennies, half a plate of vegetables for three pennies, and a dessert for the same price. As for bread, he could eat as much as he liked for three pennies, but instead of wine, he drank water. past he paid at the counter, where Madame Rousseau sat majestically, a large woman with a pleasant face. She would smile as Marius handed the waiter a one penny tip. Then he left the restaurant. For a total of sixteen cents, he got a dinner and a smile. ..Marius had two complete suits, one of them old, that he wore for everyday use, and the other one new, which he wore on special occasions. both(prenominal) suits were black. He owned only three shirts the one he had on, another one that was in the self-assurance drawer, and the third one that was at the laundry womans. When they wore out, he replaced them with new ones, but generally, his shirts were ragged, so he buttoned his coat up to his chin.To reach this stage of prosperity, it had taken Marius many hard, difficult eld years of barely getting by, and years of trudging along. He had never once given up. He had struggled and done without, he had been th rough every hardship, except going into debt. Instead of borrowing money, he went without food. There had been many old age of fasting.During all his hard times, he actually felt encouraged, and sometimes he even felt a certain inner strength. In addition to the retrospect of his experience, Marius carried the memory of Thnardier in his heart. He visualised the man surrounded by a halo, the brave sergeant Thnardier who had saved his father, a colonel, when he found him among the cannon fire and bullets at Waterloo. Marius always kept the memory of this man together with the memory of his father, and he felt great admiration for them both. It was a bit like a form of righteousness in two steps. The high altar was reserved for his father the colonel, and the low one for Thnardier. His feelings of gratitude for the man were strengthened by the knowledge that Thnardier had suffered a horrible misfortune. Marius found out that as an unredeemed innkeeper, Thnardier had gone bankrupt. After learning this, Marius made countless efforts to track down the miserable Thnardier, who had disappeared. Marius blamed and hated himself for not being able to locate him. He felt that the only debt his father had left him was to succeed in finding Thnardier. Marius felt it was his duty to pay him that tribute. After all, he thought, when my father lay dying on the battlefield, it was Thnardier who was able to find him through the smoke, and carry him past on his shoulders. Yet he owed Thnardier nothing, whereas I, who owe so much to Thnardier, cannot get to him in his time of darkness and suffering. I cannot, in my turn, restore him to life. Oh I will find him